中国护士处方权,如何实现并走的长远、有价值?

2017-12-07 张萍 中国护理管理

近日,关于护士已拥有处方权的文章在自媒体圈频转,虽最后确定为“拷贝走样”的乌龙消息,但关于护士处方权的问题事实上一直在被探讨、酝酿和被研究中,笔者认为中国护士拥有处方权指日可待。

护士们,大家是否已经做好了拥有处方权的准备?

近日,关于护士已拥有处方权的文章在自媒体圈频转,虽最后确定为“拷贝走样”的乌龙消息,但关于护士处方权的问题事实上一直在被探讨、酝酿和被研究中,笔者认为中国护士拥有处方权指日可待。

近年来临床学者们的研究

国内医学学者对是否给予护士处方权存在分歧。丁晓芳等曾做的护士处方权的调查显示,给予护士处方权可以帮助患者恢复健康,提供更安全的服务,还可以增加护理人员的职业价值。胡丽认为,给予护士处方权除了能提升护士的职业价值感,还能保证护理队伍的稳定。李娜也认为给予护士处方权有利于护士等级的划分和人力资源的利用。张银柱等的调查研究显示,给予合格护士相关专科的一定范围内的处方权,可以减轻三级医院医生的工作负荷,使得医疗人力资源得到有效的配置。虽然有很多学者认为应在我国实施护士处方政策,但也有一部分人持相反观点。如严雪琴认为,对于三级医疗机构,医生队伍充足,如果再授予护士处方权,不利于医护合作。而对于基层医疗机构,医生相对不充足,应授予基层护士处方权。

对我国护士处方权的建议——借鉴国外模式,发展中国特色护士处方权

纵观国外护士处方权,笔者认为英国的模式尤为值得参考。英国护士的处方权分为独立处方、非独立处方和补充处方三部分。借鉴到我国护士处方权模式,笔者建议如下:

独立处方:在我国,目前护士不具备处方权,所以患者的任何医嘱均由医生开具后执行,这就造成护士工作中被动的局面。比如新患者入院,很多时候医生因忙碌来不及收治患者,时常会造成新患者入院后因没有饮食医嘱而无法由医院提供饮食的局面。再比如,外科患者入院时为提高床位周转率,加快手术进程常会被通知禁食以抽取空腹血标本化验,但外科病房医生通常都在手术,不能第一时间开具抽血医嘱,势必造成患者挨饿等待抽血的现象。如果护士具备独立处方权,就可在患者入院的第一时间评估后为患者进行血标本采集,开具饮食医嘱、护理医嘱等常规入院全套医嘱,此做法可大大提高临床工作效率,又可减少患者等待引起的不满情绪。

除此之外,笔者认为护士可具有独立处方权的范围还在于“非药物医嘱”,尤其是护理医嘱。目前护士的护理医嘱也由医生开具,比如医生为患者行气管切开术后会开具“气管切开后护理”,置入深静脉后开具“深静脉置管护理”。部分医生以医疗为主,常忘记开此类医嘱,护士则会盯着医生补直至有医嘱为止。事实上此类医嘱真的需要医生开具吗?难道护士对自己的护理医嘱不该有主动权吗?

另外有资质开设专科护理门诊的护士也应在一定范围内给予一定的独立处方权,如果护士在护理门诊上都没有处方权,那护理门诊的意义又有多少呢?

非独立医嘱:非独立医嘱又称“合作性医嘱”,笔者建议是对在医生已有计划的前提下完成治疗时开具相关的处方。比如,医嘱监测SPO2,当患者出现SPO2下降时,护士便可开具吸氧的医嘱。此外适用于慢病长处方的医嘱,在患者病情稳定的情况下,护士可以开具在自己专科范围内的与长期医嘱一致的合作性医嘱。对于由固定护士担任医生助理的医院,因为助理对医生的用药习惯和病人的病情相对了解,可在医生授权范围内由助理开具医嘱,授予该护士在助理范围职责内的相应处方权。

补充医嘱:对医生医嘱的补充或是进行进一步的治疗医嘱。比如医嘱使用青霉素,但未开青霉素皮试医嘱,护士则可为医生补开;再如患者餐后2小时血糖26mmol/L,检验科汇报危机值,护士在通知医生处理的同时,为患者开具复测血糖及测糖化血红蛋白的医嘱,以供进一步治疗做参考。

寄语护士及相关部门

处方权的放开不是一蹴而就的,需要大量的试点和磨合,也需要相关部门制定更多的政策和培训。哪类护士可以放开处方权?申请处方权的门槛是什么?都需要不断的探索。笔者认为放开护士处方权是医疗的趋势所在。近年来随着护士学历的提升、护理能力的提高,中国医疗是时候给予护士更多的权利,处方权也是指日可待的。但护士们,大家是否已做好了拥有处方权的准备呢?一旦护士拥有了处方权,在给护士地位提升的同时,也势必带来更多的责任,同样也带来了一定的医疗护理风险,这就要求护士更一步地提升自己的能力。

原始出处:

[1]丁晓芳,夏华华,张敏等.关于中国护士是否需要护士处方权的探讨与研究[J].现代医药卫生,2007,23(12):1875-1876.

[2]公双双,吕静,王双艳等.从国外护士处方权的发展到我国护士处方权的实施[J].护士进修杂志,2016,31(20):1848-1851.

[3]胡丽,吴艳平,廖如意等.试论护士处方权在中国的实现[J].大众科技,2005,(11):244-245.

[4]李娜.从国外护士处方权的发展看我国的护士处方权[J].护理研究,2009,23(5A):1192-1193.

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    2017-12-08 1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称)

    不错的文章值得推荐

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    2017-12-08 三生有幸9135

    学习一下谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-12-08 chunjianf

    来学习

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    2017-12-07 有备才能无患

    近日.关于护士已拥有处方权的文章在自媒体圈频转.虽最后确定为[拷贝走样"的乌龙消息.但关于护士处方权的问题事实上一直在被探讨.酝酿和被研究中.笔者认为中国护士拥有处方权指日可待.

    0

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    2017-12-07 兰亭序123

    学习了

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    2017-12-07 1e1b8538m79(暂无匿称)

    不错的文章值得推荐

    0

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