急重症科:严重创伤性脑损伤的颅内压阈值

2018-08-06 李珉 重症医学

从目的论上讲,哺乳动物的大脑已经进化为生命的核心组成。大脑不仅协调神经信号的传入和传出,整合神经和激素应答,而且人脑通过进化扩张而拥有更高级的皮质功能来加强信息处理。尽管大脑对人类的生存至关重要,但它却非常容易受到伤害,在多方面给伤者带来可想而知得毁灭性后果。本文的核心是颅内脑结构和功能的关系以及创伤性脑损伤(TBI)所致的影响


从目的论上讲,哺乳动物的大脑已经进化为生命的核心组成。大脑不仅协调神经信号的传入和传出,整合神经和激素应答,而且人脑通过进化扩张而拥有更高级的皮质功能来加强信息处理。尽管大脑对人类的生存至关重要,但它却非常容易受到伤害,在多方面给伤者带来可想而知得毁灭性后果。本文的核心是颅内脑结构和功能的关系以及创伤性脑损伤(TBI)所致的影响。

正如300年前Monroe和Kellie所描述地那样,大脑本身具有不可压缩性,而且又位于天然乏弹性的颅骨和相应的天幕所围成的空间中,颅内容积的微小增加极易导致颅内压(ICP)的急剧升高。颅内弹性的这种反比关系决定了,超过压力/容积的临界阈值即可导致脑血流量的下降和代谢底物的减少,达到一定水平则发生不可逆转地神经损伤以致死亡。

颅内弹性代偿空间的损耗极为复杂,涉及各分隔腔内脑组织的顺应性不同;具体包括原发脑损伤的性质不均一、继发缺血-缺氧性脑损害以及与年龄相关的脑组织容量改变。鉴于尚无有效地测量颅内弹性的方法,如何测量、量化和调节这种反比关系已经困扰了临床医生几十年。

治疗TBI的临床应用中,ICP已成为主要的标准化指标。然而,ICP仅是一种颅内弹性的间接替代指标。就像任何其他替代指标一样,它既不能反映复杂的病理生理关系,又受限于测量误差和混杂偏倚。

确定或应用ICP临界阈值进行直接目标导向治疗,主要是基于持续颅内压升高相关死亡率增加。ICP阈值的水平主要是通过专家意见、单中心的观察研究和队列研究逐步进行确证的。ICP监测方法多种多样,主要区别在于带或不带多模态监测来明确与ICP水平相关的生化和代谢扰动。

脑创伤基金会(BTF) 早期版本的TBI管理指南在ICP监测适应症、治疗方法和阈值等方面,提供的证据基础非常有限。比较一致的观点认为,有关ICP监测和颅内压升高的控制治疗方面,目前尚无足够的高质量证据支持的I级推荐。然而,2000年版临床实践指南,随意地将ICP>20-25mmHg和脑灌注压(CPP) <70mmHg作为启动颅内高压治疗程序的临界值。

可能由于临床医师对颅内压控制范围的不确定性以及当时缺乏TBI管理临床实践指南,这一治疗程序被迅速推广应用。然而,负面结果的证据,特别是强化ICP和CPP目标阈值治疗的相关颅外并发症地出现,促使对治疗阈值进行重新评估。最初的治疗程序从后续版本BTF指南中被移除,以高质量随机对照试验(RCTs)和专家共识声明为基础的阈值和治疗方法的修订仍在期待中。

设计并实施一项干预性RCT研究方案,以降低颅内压和死亡率作为研究目标进行比较,并符合如下三个关键性治疗原则:(1)干预措施要有通过减少颅内容量来降低颅内压的生物学作用,并改善颅内弹性。(2)ICP治疗阈值来源于随机化病人,不仅切实可行而且位于颅内弹性耗竭的临界点,能安全有效地指导临床抢救。(3)干预措施的应用时机要最佳化改善存活。上述关键原则被整合在两项标志性的RCT研究中,对比的干预措施是去骨瓣减压术和目前应用的特异性降颅压药物管理。

DECRA试验的研究人群为伤后72 小时内,ICP >20mmHg的时间在1 小时内持续或累积超过15分钟,一线治疗仍不能有效控制颅内压的弥漫性脑损伤(脑肿胀和脑水肿)病人,随机接受了去骨瓣减压术或继续的二线药物治疗。由于试验方案要求早期评估, 一些不太严重的TBI病人,过早地接受了去骨瓣减压手术治疗。

RESCUEicp试验方案,则纳入了伤后顽固性颅内压增高的两类病人(弥漫性脑损伤者和外伤相关的局部颅内占位性脑损伤者),其ICP >25mmHg并持续1-12 小时,一线和二线治疗不能控制颅内压者,随机接受了去骨瓣减压术或后继三线药物治疗,研究设计在于应用去骨瓣减压术治疗顽固性颅内压增高,这种干预方案在临床实践中更为常用。

两项试验均报道了相比降颅压药物治疗,去骨瓣减压手术能使ICP显著下降。虽然DECRA试验的去骨瓣减压手术治疗组死亡率没有明显下降,但RESCUEicp方案的去骨瓣减压手术组的死亡率却降低了22%,两项实验均发现接受去骨瓣减压术病人,伤后六个月的功能评估结果均不佳。

两项试验均对前述三个治疗原则进行了探讨: (1)通过去骨瓣减压术治疗持续有效地降低了颅内压,从而改善了颅内的空间弹性;(2) 两个ICP阈值被广泛临床应用,并被临床实践指南所推荐;(3)应用干预措施的两个关键时机真实地存在于现实临床实践中。

两项试验的结果都为临床实践和治疗指南提供了依据: 去骨瓣减压术能有效地改善严重脑外伤病人的颅内空间弹性;颅内高压的临界阈值为15-30 mmHg。然而,对于那些无论早期还是晚期接受去骨瓣减压术而存活的病人,其功能结果均比药物治疗者为差,该现象被解释为颅骨去除后脑组织移位和牵拉诱导的神经元损伤的结果。

目的仅在于改善病人存活的ICP临界阈值已毫无疑问,在第4版BTF指南的中,这一临界阈值已被修订为22 mmHg。尽管该条推荐意见早于RESCUEicp结果的发布,并且基于较低质量的证据;但总的来说,这一阈值基于的证据基础,应该被理解为迄今为止最佳的特异性降ICP治疗证据,可以相对安全有效地降低死亡率。

然而,新的证据也表明,维持ICP于临界阈值以下,无论该阈值是明确的或推荐的,可能都不是以病人为中心最佳治疗结果的关键因素。以病人为本的最佳结果在于病人如何高质量的生存。临床医生如何理解这一点,取决于临床的当务之急是在生理监测参数上做出些短期改进以降低死亡率;还是采取更保守的、可预期的策略以获取高质量的长期生存,采取后者应认识到死亡率会增加。

严重残疾对存活者、照护者和社会都有长期和深远的影响,由于生存质量相比降低死亡率可能更重要。因此解读临床实践指南时,必须认识到推荐意见只适用于某类部分病人的治疗。

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    2018-08-12 amyloid
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    2018-08-08 qjddjq

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