厉害了!一首歌搞定糖尿病酮症酸中毒!

2016-12-06 唐山市第三医院内三科 宋立冬 医学界内分泌频道

糖尿病酮症酸中毒治疗有很多数值要记忆,好不容易记住了,还容易忘记或记错(请告诉我,不是只有我一个人)......但有了这首歌,就不怕了!《糖尿病酮症酸中毒治疗歌》治疗酸中毒,补液最关键。①宜建双通路,早期快用盐。②起初两小时,输盐一两千。③首个四小时,达到三成三。④慢予胰岛素,降糖四六间。⑤一三九以下,换糖去静点。⑥酸轻勿给碱,莫忘七一线。⑦尿量须关注,补钾记心田。⑧血糖勤监测,血酮定期验。⑨血气

糖尿病酮症酸中毒治疗有很多数值要记忆,好不容易记住了,还容易忘记或记错(请告诉我,不是只有我一个人)......但有了这首歌,就不怕了!

糖尿病酮症酸中毒治疗歌》

治疗酸中毒,补液最关键。①

宜建双通路,早期快用盐。②

起初两小时,输盐一两千。③

首个四小时,达到三成三。④

慢予胰岛素,降糖四六间。⑤

一三九以下,换糖去静点。⑥

酸轻勿给碱,莫忘七一线。⑦

尿量须关注,补钾记心田。⑧

血糖勤监测,血酮定期验。⑨

血气加生化,及时当复检。⑩

诱因要去除,常需抗感染。⑪

老者冠心病,心衰要防患。⑫

肾衰可致死,多因素相关。⑬

警惕脑水肿,醒后又躁烦。⑭

医护齐努力,病愈两相安。⑮


4:22 但愿人长久 来自医学界内分泌频道

(配合这首歌听,效果更佳哦~)

注释:


① 补液是治疗的关键环节:只有在有效组织灌注改善、恢复后,胰岛素的生物效应才能充分发挥。


② 早期通常使用生理盐水:输液量和速度的掌握非常重要,DKA失水量可达体重10%以上,一般根据患者体重和失水程度估计已失水量。因脱水往往比较严重,应建立双液路以达到快速补液的目的。


③ 一两千:单位毫升,指在最初的1~2小时内输入0.9%氯化钠1000~2000ml。


④ 三成三:即33%,指前4小时输入所计算失水量1/3的液体。


⑤ 四六间:即4~6(mmol/L),初期血糖下降速度一般以每小时降低3.9~6.1mmol/L为宜,这里为方便记忆取整数。


⑥  一三九:指13.9(mmol/L),当血糖下降至13.9mmol/L时改用5%葡萄糖液静点,并按每2~4g葡萄糖加入1U短效胰岛素。


⑦ 七一线:指(PH值)7.1,补碱指征为血pH<7.1,HCO3<5mmol/L。


(注:2013年版中国2型糖尿病防治指南中,补碱指征为血pH<6.9,因通常认为pH 6.8~7.8 为生存极限,6.9太接近生存极限,所以本文采取第七版内科书pH<7.1的标准。)


另外,酸中毒较轻时,经输液和胰岛素治疗后,酮体水平下降,酸中毒可自行纠正,一般不必补碱。需要补碱时,应采用等渗碳酸氢钠(1.25%~1.4%)溶液。给予碳酸氢钠50mmol/L,即将5%碳酸氢钠84ml加注射用水至300ml配成1.4%等渗溶液,一般仅给1~2次。


若不能通过输液和应用胰岛素纠正酸中毒,而补碱过多过快,可产生不利影响,包括脑脊液反常性酸中毒加重、组织缺氧加重、血钾下降和反跳性碱中毒等。


⑧ 治疗过程中应根据血钾和尿量,调整补钾量和速度。治疗前血钾低于正常,立即开始补钾;血钾正常、尿量>40ml/h,也立即开始补钾;血钾正常、尿量<30ml/h,暂缓补钾,待尿量增加后再开始补钾;血钾高于正常,暂缓补钾。


值得注意的是,最初脱水解除、酸中毒纠正时,细胞内失钾往往未完全纠正,因此,病情恢复后仍应继续口服钾盐数天。


⑨ 每1~2小时复查血糖,必要时调整胰岛素剂量。有血酮仪的单位,每4~6小时复查血酮体,复查血酮体比复查尿酮体及时、准确、方便,可以更好得指导补液。


⑩ 每4~6小时复查血气分析和肾功能、电解质。复查血气分析可以评价酸中毒程度及疗效。此处生化主要指肾功能、电解质,复查肾功能可以帮助评价脱水情况(结合体征、血常规更加准确),定期复查电解质(血钾尤为重要)可以明确有无电解质紊乱及其程度,指导补钾量以及生理盐水输入量。


⑪ 严重感染是本症常见诱因,所以往往需要抗感染治疗。因DKA可引起低体温和血白细胞数升高,故不能以有无发热或血象改变来判断,应积极处理。


⑫ 老年患者以及原有心脏病(特别是心肌梗死、慢性心衰)的患者,补液过多过快可导致心力衰竭、肺水肿和心律失常,应注意预防。可根据血压、心率、中心静脉压、尿量等调整输液量和速度,酌情应用利尿药和正性肌力药。血钾过低、过高均可引起严重心律失常,宜用心电图监护,及时治疗。


⑬ 肾衰竭是本症主要死亡原因之一,与原来有无肾脏病变、失水和休克程度、有无延误治疗等多种因素密切相关。强调注意预防,治疗过程中密切观察尿量变化,及时处理。


⑭ 脑水肿病死率甚高,如果经治疗后,血糖有所下降,酸中毒改善,但昏迷反而加重,或虽然一度清醒但烦躁、心率快、血压偏高、肌张力增高,应警惕脑水肿的可能。


⑮ 治病是医护共同努力的过程。医生正确的治疗方案不容置疑,护士良好的护理亦不可或缺。良好的护理是抢救DKA的重要环节,应按时清洁口腔、皮肤,预防压疮和继发性感染。细致观察病情变化,准确记录患者神志状态、瞳孔大小和反应、生命体征、出入水量等。

 

参考文献:

1.《内科学》第七版(主编:陆再英、钟南山)。

2.《中国2型糖尿病防治指南》(2013年版)。

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  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2037518, encodeId=900c203e518cb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=862b9553521' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#酮症酸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95535, encryptionId=862b9553521, topicName=酮症酸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c6262500044, createdName=1249862am72(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Nov 13 05:16:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1676132, encodeId=269516e61329e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6bac955861e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#酸中毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95586, encryptionId=6bac955861e, topicName=酸中毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c5dd27335710, createdName=hywen7335, createdTime=Mon Jun 19 20:16:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1641183, encodeId=7fe616411832e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d739553475' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#酮症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95534, encryptionId=8d739553475, topicName=酮症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=790822763597, createdName=ms705947299214030, createdTime=Wed Jun 28 22:16:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1288678, encodeId=bca112886e829, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b969e679974' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#糖尿病酮症酸中毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76799, encryptionId=b969e679974, topicName=糖尿病酮症酸中毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8346212, createdName=respect, createdTime=Thu Dec 08 13:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1319024, encodeId=d0091319024dc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=14d92231508' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22315, encryptionId=14d92231508, topicName=中毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f13d475, createdName=mashirong, createdTime=Thu Dec 08 13:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1346108, encodeId=e1531346108fb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ecbb9553661' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#酮症酸中毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95536, encryptionId=ecbb9553661, topicName=酮症酸中毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=346311, createdName=wgsun, createdTime=Thu Dec 08 13:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=160876, encodeId=59bf1608e60f, content=非常适合,一定支持下。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=76491981781, createdName=1e184d7bm65(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Dec 07 09:46:47 CST 2016, time=2016-12-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=160842, encodeId=c56c160842d7, content=太有才了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLC1BMzZWdMSPQWuib6BtQGicK8ygGBM6YakpfkRc67soFSuKbZr86enL1KggQZEZbgWSeicJibafmYfQ3AibicIHMwwicmDShfRFvvI38/0, createdBy=272a110164, createdName=laoli, createdTime=Wed Dec 07 08:06:37 CST 2016, time=2016-12-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-12-08 mashirong
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2037518, encodeId=900c203e518cb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=862b9553521' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#酮症酸#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95535, encryptionId=862b9553521, topicName=酮症酸)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c6262500044, createdName=1249862am72(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Nov 13 05:16:00 CST 2017, time=2017-11-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1676132, encodeId=269516e61329e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6bac955861e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#酸中毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95586, encryptionId=6bac955861e, topicName=酸中毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c5dd27335710, createdName=hywen7335, createdTime=Mon Jun 19 20:16:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1641183, encodeId=7fe616411832e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8d739553475' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#酮症#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95534, encryptionId=8d739553475, topicName=酮症)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=790822763597, createdName=ms705947299214030, createdTime=Wed Jun 28 22:16:00 CST 2017, time=2017-06-28, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1288678, encodeId=bca112886e829, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b969e679974' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#糖尿病酮症酸中毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76799, encryptionId=b969e679974, topicName=糖尿病酮症酸中毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8346212, createdName=respect, createdTime=Thu Dec 08 13:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1319024, encodeId=d0091319024dc, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=14d92231508' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#中毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22315, encryptionId=14d92231508, topicName=中毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f13d475, createdName=mashirong, createdTime=Thu Dec 08 13:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1346108, encodeId=e1531346108fb, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ecbb9553661' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#酮症酸中毒#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=95536, encryptionId=ecbb9553661, topicName=酮症酸中毒)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=346311, createdName=wgsun, createdTime=Thu Dec 08 13:16:00 CST 2016, time=2016-12-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=160876, encodeId=59bf1608e60f, content=非常适合,一定支持下。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=76491981781, createdName=1e184d7bm65(暂无匿称), createdTime=Wed Dec 07 09:46:47 CST 2016, time=2016-12-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=160842, encodeId=c56c160842d7, content=太有才了!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLC1BMzZWdMSPQWuib6BtQGicK8ygGBM6YakpfkRc67soFSuKbZr86enL1KggQZEZbgWSeicJibafmYfQ3AibicIHMwwicmDShfRFvvI38/0, createdBy=272a110164, createdName=laoli, createdTime=Wed Dec 07 08:06:37 CST 2016, time=2016-12-07, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
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    2016-12-07 1e184d7bm65(暂无匿称)

    非常适合,一定支持下。

    0

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    2016-12-07 laoli

    太有才了!

    0

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