JAMA Neurol:强化降压会不会降低严重脑小血管病的脑灌注?

2018-07-13 杨中华 脑血管病及重症文献导读

脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease,SVD)占所有缺血性卒中的20%,是血管性认知障碍的最常见原因。脑小血管的弥漫性动脉病会引起低灌注和脑自主调节能力下降,随后缺血会导致T2序列白质高信号(WMH)以及腔隙性梗死。

脑小血管病(cerebral small vessel disease,SVD)占所有缺血性卒中的20%,是血管性认知障碍的最常见原因。脑小血管的弥漫性动脉病会引起低灌注和脑自主调节能力下降,随后缺血会导致T2序列白质高信号(WMH)以及腔隙性梗死。

高血压是SVD最重要的危险因素。先前的研究发现强化降压治疗(比如目标收缩压大约120mmHg与140mmHg相比)与一级预防心血管事件降低有关,在卒中二级预防中能够降低卒中复发。降压治疗也可能有利于SVD患者,但是过度降压治疗可能恶化低灌注,甚至造成脑损伤。

研究发现SVD患者脑白质的脑血流量(CBF)下降,低灌注的程度与WMH的严重性有关,这与发病机制是吻合的。并且还发现自动调节上限上移,这是结构血管对慢性高血压的适应反应。这个证据产生了这样的假说:SVD需要较高的收缩压维持足够的CBF,过度降压会加重缺血、WMH和认知能力。

然而,2013年的一项研究显示非卒中的老年高血压患者采取强化降压治疗与CBF增加有关,推测可能与脑自动调节曲线复位(reshifting)有关。另外,一项大型SVD试验(SPS3试验)显示强化降压治疗有降低卒中复发的趋势。不过,这项研究中很多患者为不合并WMH的腔隙性脑梗死患者。这些被报道CBF和自主调节能力严重下降的严重SVD和融合(confluent)WMH者,强化降压治疗是否加重这些患者的预后尚有争论。

为了解决这个问题,2018年6月来自英国的Iain D. Croall等在JAMA Neurology上公布了PRESERVE试验的亚组分析结果,目的在于探讨经过3个月的标准降压治疗和强化降压治疗对严重小血管病患者脑灌注的影响。

正在进行中的PRESERVE试验是多中心,随机临床试验,由2家英国大学医学中心参与。纳入的患者为MRI确认的临床腔隙性卒中,融合WMH>=2级(Fazekas Scale),高血压,研究开始前3个月内无卒中者。纳入的患者随机给予标准降压(收缩压目标130 - 140 mmHg)或强化降压(收缩压目标<125 mmHg)。

该亚组分析纳入了70例核磁确认的症状性腔隙性梗死和融合WMH患者,合并高血压。其中36例为标准降压组,34例为强化降压组。纳入分析的62例,两组分别为33例和29例。研究者采用动脉自旋标记(arterial spin labeling,ASL)检测脑灌注。主要终点为从基线到3个月时全脑灌注(global perfusion)的变化。

这62例患者的平均年龄为69.3岁,女性占60%。标准组和强化组收缩压分别降低了8(SD 12)和27(17)mmHg(P < 0.001);两组达到的收缩压值分别为141(13)和126(10)mmHg。两个治疗组全脑灌注的变化没有显著性差异:标准组平均变化为−0.5 (9.4) mL/min/100 g,强化组平均变化为0.7 (8.6) mL/min/100 g(partial η2, 0.004; 95%CI, −3.551 to 5.818; P = 0.63)。当仅分析灰质或白质时,没有观察到差异;当限定达到目标血压者,也没有观察到差异。两个治疗组不良事件的数量也没有显著性差异。

最终作者认为强化降压治疗不会降低严重小血管病患者的脑灌注。

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    2018-07-14 三生有幸9135

    学习一下

    0

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    2018-07-13 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅

    0

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Hypertension:糖尿病和其他高危人群强化降压的目标值分析!

由此可见,强化降压会增加干预相关的不良事件风险(3.97% vs. 1.53%,P<0.001)。临床医生应考虑包括糖尿病患者在内的各类患者收缩压目标值<120mmHg。

Stroke:强化降压能否逆转脑出血患者或死或残的命运?

三分之二的脑出血患者出现急性高血压反应,那么通过紧急降低收缩压(SBP)能否降低血肿扩大、死亡或残疾的发生率?此前进行了ATACH 2试验(急性脑出血降压治疗)的意向治疗分析,如果一部分受试者没有达到既定分组设定的SBP目标,干预的益处可能会被掩盖。因此,根据获得的实际血压进行分析,可能是一种更有效的评估方法。

盘点:一脸懵逼!到底该不该强化降压?

自强化降压提出以来,大部分研究证据表明早期强化降压治疗是安全和合理的。早期强化降压患者预后功能恢复更好,且有不良事件发生率降低的有利趋势。但是关于强化降压治疗的益处的争议一直不断,此外,关于最佳血压目标的随机试验数据也存在矛盾之处,对于特殊亚群早期强化降压的试验证据也并不充分,强化降压会不会带来器官灌注的减少,从而加重某些器官病变或加速病变的进程,如老年性痴呆,肾功能损害等。下一步需要更全面的,严

Diabetes Care:2型糖尿病患者与非2型糖尿病个体强化降压效果一样吗?

由此可见,对于2型糖尿病患者和非2型糖尿病个体,强化降压可能具有相似的良好效果,并能降低个体的心血管事件。

JASN:强化降压期间肾功能急性下降可预示终末期肾病风险!

因此,在强化降压期间急性eGFR下降≥20%可以识别不良结局风险较高的患者亚群。

JAMA Intern Med:多学科讨论:强化降压能降低晚期慢性肾病患者死亡风险?

慢性肾病(CKD)是重大的公共卫生问题,影响全球约两亿人。2017年10月,发表在《JAMA Intern Med》的一项由美国、加拿大、意大利等国科学家进行的系统回顾和荟萃分析,比较了更强化和较低强度降压与3~5期CKD患者死亡风险之间的相关性。请看本期多学科讨论组临床药师各抒己见为您梳理本文看点——