Cell Metab:治疗糖尿病和肥胖症的新靶标

2012-08-06 Beyond 生物谷

近日,圣路易斯华盛顿大学医学院研究人员发现可用于治疗糖尿病和肥胖症的潜在靶标。通过研究老鼠,他们发现,当目标蛋白被抑制后,动物变得对胰岛素更敏感,不太容易发胖,甚至当他们吃高脂肪的饮食时亦是如此。 该研究结果发表在Cell Metabolism杂志上。研究人员研究了身体如何从食物如碳水化合物中制造产生脂肪,这一过程需要一种叫做脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)的酶。老鼠基因改造后脂肪细胞中不能产生FAS,所

近日,圣路易斯华盛顿大学医学院研究人员发现可用于治疗糖尿病和肥胖症的潜在靶标。通过研究老鼠,他们发现,当目标蛋白被抑制后,动物变得对胰岛素更敏感,不太容易发胖,甚至当他们吃高脂肪的饮食时亦是如此。

该研究结果发表在Cell Metabolism杂志上。研究人员研究了身体如何从食物如碳水化合物中制造产生脂肪,这一过程需要一种叫做脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)的酶。老鼠基因改造后脂肪细胞中不能产生FAS,所以老鼠吃高脂肪的饮食不会变得肥胖。体内不含FAS的小鼠比野生型老鼠更耐受肥胖,第一作者伊尔凡Irfan J. Lodhi博士介绍。这是不是因为他们吃得少。体内不含FAS的小鼠也吃很多高脂肪食物,但体内脂肪代谢和热量释放却明显升高了。

为了理解为什么会发生这种情况,Lodhi析他们的脂肪细胞。小鼠有两种类型的脂肪:白色脂肪和棕色脂肪。白色脂肪存储多余的热量,导致肥胖。棕色脂肪有助于燃烧热量,防止肥胖。使用脂肪细胞中脂肪酸合成酶基因缺失的小鼠,Lodhi和他的同事们发现动物的白色脂肪会转化进入一种储存棕色脂肪的亮白点样细胞中。Lodhi说,这些亮白点细胞具有棕色脂肪细胞一样的遗传特征并且如同棕色脂肪细胞一样工作。由于小鼠具备抵抗肥胖的能力,如此看来脂肪酸合成酶可控制白色脂肪和棕色脂肪之间的开关,当我们抑制FAS时,白色脂肪转化BRITE细胞,燃烧更多的能量。

确定人类是否也有棕色脂肪一直有些争议,最近的研究已经证实人也有棕色脂肪。高级研究员Clay F. Semenkovich,MD说:这肯定是存在的,未来我们将通过激活这些棕色脂肪细胞用于治疗糖尿病和肥胖的人。

细胞生物学、生理学和内分泌代谢和脂质研究部主任Semenkovich说,新的研究工作是令人兴奋,因为FAS提供了一个或能激活棕色脂肪细胞来治疗肥胖症和糖尿病的靶标。但更重要的是,他说,它可能会从FAS下游的蛋白质来开展后续研究,以降低潜在的副作用以及治疗的风险。这是完全有可能的,因为科学家们发现FAS途径涉及PPARs(过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体)这一种已知的蛋白质家族。PPARs是重要的脂质代谢。其中PPAR-α有助于燃烧脂肪,但相关蛋白质PPAR-γ却有助脂肪的生成和储存。

Lodhi和Semenkovich发现,在没有FAS的小鼠体内脂肪细胞中PPAR-α活性增加,而PPAR-γ活性降低。一种称为PexRAP(激活PPAR-γ的过氧化物还原酶)的蛋白质原来是FAS影响下游信号的调解因子,也是PPAR-γ贮脂细胞的关键调节因子。当研究人员在小鼠的脂肪细胞阻断PexRAP后,他们发现脂肪的产生和堆积都受到抑制。这些小鼠糖代谢也得到了改善,因此,研究人员认为抑制脂肪酸合成酶或PexRAP可能用于治疗肥胖症和糖尿病。一些制药公司也正在开发FAS的抑制剂。

同时,研究发现抑制PexRAP也使动物肥胖症状减轻和糖尿病减少。 由于PexRAP是下游,它在理论上可能会导致副作用较少,但没有人知道蛋白质在体内不同的组织发挥什么样的作用,Semenkovich说。他表示需要进行更多的实验,这也许能够相对迅速将研究成果转移到一些临床试验上。

编译自:New target for treating diabetes and obesity

doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.06.013
PMC:
PMID:

Inhibiting Adipose Tissue Lipogenesis Reprograms Thermogenesis and PPAR Activation to Decrease Diet-Induced Obesity

Irfan J. Lodhi, Li Yin, Anne P.L. Jensen-Urstad, Katsuhiko Funai, Trey Coleman, John H. Baird, Meral K. El Ramahi, Babak Razani, Haowei Song, Fong Fu-Hsu, John Turk, Clay F. Semenkovich

De novo lipogenesis in adipocytes, especially with high fat feeding, is poorly understood. We demonstrate that an adipocyte lipogenic pathway encompassing fatty acid synthase (FAS) and PexRAP (peroxisomal reductase activating PPAR) modulates endogenous PPAR activation and adiposity. Mice lacking FAS in adult adipose tissue manifested increased energy expenditure, increased brown fat-like adipocytes in subcutaneous adipose tissue, and resistance to diet-induced obesity. FAS knockdown in embryonic fibroblasts decreased PPAR transcriptional activity and adipogenesis. FAS-dependent alkyl ether phosphatidylcholine species were associated with PPAR and treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with one such ether lipid increased PPAR transcriptional activity. PexRAP, a protein required for alkyl ether lipid synthesis, was associated with peroxisomes and induced during adipogenesis. PexRAP knockdown in cells decreased PPAR transcriptional activity and adipogenesis. PexRAP knockdown in mice decreased expression of PPAR-dependent genes and reduced diet-induced adiposity. These findings suggest that inhibiting PexRAP or related lipogenic enzymes could treat obesity and diabetes.

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    2012-08-19 维他命
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    2013-02-13 一闲
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    2012-08-28 guojianrong
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    2012-08-08 zhaojie88

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