病例一则:这一水平预示前列腺癌根治术后生化复发?

2018-02-14 那彦群 陈山 泌尿外科疑难病例讨论精选

患者男性,50岁。

【病例资料】

患者男性,50岁。

现病史:2004年6月体检发现前列腺结节,血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA):0.20ng/ml,后在半年内多次复查PSA值,为2.41~5.95ng/ml。直肠指诊:右侧叶质硬结节。前列腺MRI:前列腺右侧外周带低信号区。胸片、骨扫描未见异常。2005年2月行前列腺穿刺活检,共8针。前列腺右侧叶2针。前列腺癌,leason评分:4+2,术前分期T2aN0M0。完善术前准备行耻骨上前列腺癌根治术。术后病理:前列腺癌,Gleason评分:4+3,外科切缘阴性,术后分期:T2bN0M0。术后恢复顺利,术后2个月复查血PSA:0.34ng/ml。

【讨论内容】

患者此时是否属于术后生化复发?如何治疗?

文献综述:PSA检测在前列腺癌患者疗效评估和随访中起着重要的作用,经根治性治疗的患者约1/3术后PSA在5年内会升高,即生化复发。目前认为,生化复发是疾病复发最早的表现,通常不伴其他客观复发证据。生化复发患者的临床行为差异很大,部分患者很快疾病进展导致死亡,而部分患者5~10年内仅表现为PSA升高。前列腺癌根治术(RP)后生化复发至发现转移的中位时间约年,从临床转移至死亡的中位时间约5年。临床工作中对此类患者的早期发现、正确评估和规范化治疗,有助于提高前列腺癌患者的总体治疗水平。

前列腺癌根治术后PSA的半衰期为3.15天,7个半衰期后PSA降至基础值的0.78%以下,21~30天后PSA降至无法测出。从理论上讲,前列腺癌根治术后,患者血清值呈非0值,即提示患者可能为生化复发。但事实上部分患者PSA非0值并不代表前列腺癌真正复发,可能原因有:前列腺窝或尖部有正常前列腺组织残留;术后前列腺窝或吻合口活检证实15%患者出现良性前列腺组织;在尿道、膀胱、脾脏、膀胱前间隙有异位前列腺组织可分泌PSA,因此目前临床上将生化复发定义为0.2~0.6ng之间。究竟将生化复发定义为哪个具体的数字目前还存在争议。美国学者Amling等分析了2782例接受了前列腺根治术的患者的资料,如分别以0.2ng/ml,0.3ng/ml和0.4ng/ml为界,患者PSA进一步升高的发生率为49%,62%和72%。由此可见如果按照既往传统的0.2ng/ml的标准,接近一半PSA>0.2ng/ml的患者并不出现临床的进展。因此目前欧洲泌尿科学会(EAU)将标准由术后两次PSA>0.2ng/ml改为术后PSA>0.4ng/ml定义为生化复发。

对于前列腺癌根治术后生化复发的患者,进一步判断其将发生局部复发还是广泛转移非常重要,因为这直接影响治疗方案的选择。综合大量文献根治术后局部复发的可能性在以下几种情况时大于80%:术后3年才发生PSA上升;PSADT≥11个月;Gleason评分≤6;病理分期≤pT3a。前列腺癌根治术后广泛转移的可能性在以下几种情况时大于80%:①术后一年内发生PSA上升;②PSADT在4~6个月内;③ Gleason评分在8~10分;④病理分期≥T3b。

临床实际治疗方案:当年按照术后血PSA连续两次大于0.2ng/ml即判定为生化复发的标准,我们判定该患者为生化复发,考虑患者术后2个月即出现生化复发,且该例患者手术标本完整,切缘阴性,我们排除了局部复发的可能,考虑为远处转移,但当时困惑我们的是在骨扫描及腹部CT检查中我们未发现肿瘤,因此我们首先建议患者行内分泌治疗,但由于患者为50岁,有性功能方面的要求,患者被转诊到某中医医院行中草药治疗,具体方案为:西黄解毒丸+软坚消瘤片+草药方剂。期间监测睾酮水平正常,但自2005年10月至2007年7月,患者的PSA逐渐由0.35ng/ml升至3.37ng/ml,期间多次复查骨扫描及下腹、盆腔CT均未发现异常。转回我院后,我们考虑患者可能存在远处转移,给予曲普瑞林3.75mg,肌内注射1次/28天,患者的PSA迅速降为0.071ng/ml,并维持在较低水平,自2009年4月PSA升至0.748ng/ml,开始给患者加用氟他胺0.25g,1天3次。患者目前仍在随访中。患者治疗过程中的PSA变化见图39-1。

【专家点评】

诊断问题:前列腺癌根治术后的生化复发根据EAU2009指南的新的标准,判断根治术后的生化复发比较简单,困难的是如何进一步判断其将发生局部复发还是远处广泛转移。如果术后1个月,患者的PSA没有降到0,首先结合术前前列腺穿刺病理结果,术中所见前列腺周围组织有无粘连,前列腺标本是否完整,术后切缘是否阳性等情况综合判断是否存在肿瘤残存。


图39-1 患者治疗过程中的PSA变化

如果除外上述情况后,我们可以根据表1来帮助判断临床复发的部位。


表 判断临床复发的部位

鉴别诊断难点:在本例的诊断过程中,我们曾苦于无法确切判定局部复发还是远处全身转移。复习文献后,发现对于前列腺根治术后PSA小于20ng/ml或PSA速率小于20ng/(ml?y)的患者而言,核素骨显像和CT检查具有较低的敏感性和特异性,这样便不能解释本例患者在4年多的随访过程中除了PSA升高外,未出现任何骨扫描和CT检查的异常。如果患者的PSA大于1~2ng/ml,PET和直肠线圈MR对于患者局部复发的诊断有帮助,但目前尚未列入临床常规。另外根治术后不推荐进行前列腺区的活检。

对于术后仅有PSA复发患者的治疗的时机和方案目前临床上仍存在争议。目前公认的观点是:对于局灶复发的患者最好在PSA升到1.5ng/ml予以64~66Gy的挽救性放疗。对怀疑存在全身复发的患者建议早期雄激素阻断治疗。本例目前采用雄激素阻断治疗2年后再度出现PSA的缓慢上升,我们加用了氟他胺,目前患者仍在密切随访中。

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    2018-02-16 jeanqiuqiu
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    2018-02-14 梦想起航ing

    术后复发的标准是什么

    0

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    2018-02-14 simonlq

    前列腺癌生化复发和PSA半衰期有些道理

    0

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