改良Sauve-Kapandji手术治疗陈旧性下尺桡关节脱位1例

2020-01-15 房燚 赵文志 潘德悦 实用骨科杂志

下尺桡关节脱位常发生于桡骨和/或尺骨骨折,单纯脱位或半脱位较难诊断,最初可漏诊高达50%。2017年9月我院收治1例桡骨远端骨折术后骨不连合并陈旧性下尺桡关节脱位患者,采用改良Sauve-Kapandji手术治疗,取得满意疗效,现报道如下。

下尺桡关节脱位常发生于桡骨和/或尺骨骨折,单纯脱位或半脱位较难诊断,最初可漏诊高达50%。2017年9月我院收治1例桡骨远端骨折术后骨不连合并陈旧性下尺桡关节脱位患者,采用改良Sauve-Kapandji手术治疗,取得满意疗效,现报道如下。

病例资料

44岁女性患者,工作时被机器碾压致前臂畸形、流血、活动受限,于当地医院诊断为桡骨远端开放性骨折,行骨折复位外固定架固定治疗(术中细节不详),半年后取出外固定架,复查DR见桡骨远端成角短缩移位明显,下尺桡关节脱位,同时腕部畸形、疼痛、旋转活动受限来我院就诊。局部查体示:桡骨远端可触及异常活动并有压痛,下尺桡关节较健侧松弛,前臂旋前位时尺骨小头向背侧突出,旋后位时自动复位,有时出现弹响(见图1~2)。



手术治疗

首先取前臂远端掌侧纵切口,切开皮肤及皮下,沿桡侧腕屈肌腱鞘切开,将桡侧腕屈肌拉向尺侧,桡动脉拉向桡侧,切断旋前方肌,显露桡骨骨折端,清除硬化骨,通畅髓腔,松解黏连的软组织,尽量恢复桡骨长度,直视下复位后常规取髂骨植骨,于桡骨掌侧置1枚T型锁定接骨板及数枚螺钉固定,复位满意固定牢靠后,缝合关闭切口。再取尺骨远端尺背侧纵切口,保护尺神经腕背支,自小指伸肌腱和尺侧腕伸肌间隙进入,切开伸肌支持带显露尺骨远端、尺骨小头及下尺桡关节,在距尺骨关节面1.5cm、2.5cm 处以线锯截断尺骨,使尺骨远端假关节间隙为1cm左右,用咬骨钳咬除下尺桡关节的桡骨及尺骨关节面,其间植入适量髂骨,直视下复位下尺桡关节后以2枚空心螺钉融合固定。去除尺骨远近截骨面处骨膜,于尺骨近端经髓腔处用钻头钻一骨道,将劈开的尺侧腕伸肌腱性部分穿过骨道后拉紧缝合至其余肌腱,缝合下尺桡关节囊后关闭切口(见图3)。术后前臂用石膏固定于功能位,4周后去除石膏行功能锻炼。术后18个月随访见桡骨远端骨性愈合,下尺桡关节融合满意,尺骨远端假关节内无新骨形成。腕关节疼痛消失,屈伸、桡尺偏、旋前旋后活动恢复正常,手握力达健侧的90%,患者对术后疗效及外观均满意(见图4~6)。



讨论

下尺桡关节脱位在腕部损伤中较常见,临床上由于对此病认识的缺乏及检查方法的局限性,常出现误诊和漏诊,造成陈旧性下尺桡关节脱位。本例患者桡骨远端骨折术后不愈合,成角短缩移位,增加了尺骨远端负荷,导致尺侧关节失配,下尺桡关节不稳定,引起关节软骨退变,发生创伤性关节炎,出现慢性手腕疼痛、失去握力和前臂旋转受限。以往陈旧性下尺桡关节脱位多采用Darrch术式(尺骨小头切除术)治疗,尺骨小头切除后三角纤维软骨复合体、远端桡尺韧带及尺侧腕伸肌等限制尺骨活动的结构失去了骨性支撑作用。生物力学研究表明,Darrch术可能导致腕关节不稳定。

Sauve-Kanpandji手术融合了下尺桡关节,减轻了疼痛,切除部分尺骨纠正了尺骨变异,形成假关节恢复前臂旋转功能,维持正常腕关节轴向负荷、功能及形态。尺骨近端残端疼痛是Sauve-Kanpandji手术最饱受争议的并发症,通常发生在前臂旋转或举起重物时,这种疼痛被认为是由于尺近端的动态不稳定造成的。近年来,利用尺侧腕伸肌腱固定尺骨近端已被频繁报道。Yuji等证实用尺侧腕伸肌腱固定尺骨近端,能有效缓解腕关节和尺骨近端疼痛,增加前臂旋前和旋后幅度及改善握力,为了减少尺端近端残端不稳定,建议缩短假关节长度,假关节位置尽可能靠近尺骨远端。我们对Sauve-Kapandji手术进行了适当改良,下尺桡关节未使用切除尺骨段植骨,而使用髂骨植骨,为增加融合稳定性,改克氏针为螺钉固定,2枚螺钉固定有助于防止尺骨头旋转,术中切除尺骨长度在1.0cm 左右,假关节位置尽可能靠近尺骨远端,使用骨膜及尺侧腕伸肌部分肌腱固定尺骨近端。综上,改良Sauve-Kapandji手术已经成为有症状的下尺桡关节脱位的一种理想治疗方案。本病例随访时间尚短,有待进一步观察中远期临床效果。

原始出处:

房燚,赵文志,潘德悦,韩鑫.改良Sauve-Kapandji手术治疗陈旧性下尺桡关节脱位1例[J].实用骨科杂志,2019,25(12):1147-1148.

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反式肩关节置换治疗陈旧性肱骨近端骨折伴肱骨头缺如1例

患者,女,48岁,因左肩关节疼痛伴活动不利3年余,加重2个月入院。患者3年前因外伤致左肱骨近端粉碎性骨折,当时因要求保守治疗未及时手术。3年来左肩关节间歇性疼痛,症状时轻时重,活动时疼痛加重,长期服用非甾体类镇痛药物缓解症状。左肩关节外观畸形,功能基本丧失,无法完成前臂抬举、梳头、进食等基本生活动作。后曾至多家医院就诊,均建议行肩关节置换手术治疗。近2个月来患者因轻度外伤致左肩关节疼痛加剧,左上肢