知名三甲医院成功的全肘关节置换术病例之一

2018-05-25 沈惠良 姜保国 老年骨质疏松骨折

64岁女性不慎滑倒致右肘部畸形。急诊X 线片提示:肱骨远端骨折合并肘关节脱位,骨质疏松。肱骨髁间骨折是创伤骨科领域中的治疗难点,术后并发症较多。近年来提倡通过切开复位内固定和早期的功能锻炼进行治疗。但对年龄较大、骨质疏松明显、难以复位和固定的患者,哪种治疗效果较好呢?下面我们一起学习这例术后肘关节屈伸功能良好的最为成功的病例之一——

64岁女性不慎滑倒致右肘部畸形。急诊X 线片提示:肱骨远端骨折合并肘关节脱位,骨质疏松。肱骨髁间骨折是创伤骨科领域中的治疗难点,术后并发症较多。近年来提倡通过切开复位内固定和早期的功能锻炼进行治疗。但对年龄较大、骨质疏松明显、难以复位和固定的患者,哪种治疗效果较好呢?下面我们一起学习这例术后肘关节屈伸功能良好的最为成功的病例之一——

【病例介绍】

患者,女性,64岁。患者入院前3天不慎滑倒,右肘部着地,伤后右肘部畸形。当即感右肘部疼痛剧烈,伴活动受限。未予特殊处理。3天后,为进一步诊治,就诊于北京大学人民医院急诊,拍X 线片提示:右肱骨远端骨折,右肘关节脱位,遂收入院治疗。既往高血压病病史10年,口服药物治疗,血压控制在140/80mmHg 左右;患慢性阻塞性肺病 12年、支气管哮喘10年,口服药物治疗,控制好;30年前诊断类风湿关节炎;10年前行双侧膝关节置换术。查体:右肘关节肿胀明显、畸形,局部压痛明显,右肘关节因疼痛活动受限,可及骨擦感,皮下可见大面积瘀斑。双手呈尺偏畸形,双足也可见畸形。辅助检查:X 线片(急诊):右肱骨远端骨折,右肘关节脱位,右肱骨内外侧髁及桡骨小头变形,骨质疏松(图2‐1‐9)。

图2‐1‐9 术前肘关节正侧位X 线片

图2‐1‐10 肘关节三维CT 重建

诊断要点】

患者外伤史明确,结合查体及X 线检查,考虑右肱骨远端骨折诊断明确。X 线片为肘关节正侧位片,为更加清晰的明确骨折分型,入院后进一步行肘关节三维重建CT 检查(图2‐1‐10)。通过分析考虑为AO 分型的C1 型骨折,同时该患者患有类风湿关节炎30年,X 线片提示肱骨近端骨小梁结构变细、减少、间隙增宽,考虑该患者同时合并有骨质疏松症。

【治疗原则】

患者骨折类型为AO 分型的C1 型骨折,同时患者合并有类风湿关节炎、骨质疏松,分析认为最佳治疗方案为人工肘关节置换术。

患者入院完善相关术前检查,无明显手术禁忌,于入院6天后在臂丛麻醉下行右肱骨远端骨折人工肘关节置换术。

麻醉成功后患者取仰卧位。取右肘后正中切口,长约17cm,逐层切开皮肤、皮下组织,显露尺骨近端、肱骨远端肱三头肌。首先自尺神经沟游离尺神经,牵开并用橡皮条保护。自肱骨内上髁剥离屈肌腱起点,清理骨折碎块。自肱骨外上髁剥离伸肌总腱起点,咬除碎骨块。部分剥离肱三头肌腱于尺骨鹰嘴附着处的内角,显露肱骨远端髓腔。扩髓、冲洗,再显露尺骨近端。自冠状突基底钻孔,扩髓、冲洗。将准备好的骨水泥充分置入尺骨和肱骨髓腔,按照试模选择好假体,分别打入尺骨近端和肱骨远端。置入连接套件,待骨水泥凝固后,被动活动肘关节,屈伸活动好,术中透视见假体位置满意。冲洗伤口,前移尺神经,并以筋膜瓣固定。将屈肌总腱及伸肌总腱的起点分别缝至肱三头肌腱的内外侧,再次冲洗伤口,逐层关闭伤口。留置伤口引流。无菌纱布包扎伤口。

患者术后第2日移除伤口引流管,行X 线检查示假体位置良好(图2‐1‐11)。术后第2天开始不提重的主动活动,并使用颈腕吊带保护3周,不做任何活动度的强力训练,最初3个月内所提物体重量不得超过0.5kg,以后患肢所提重量也不得超过2.5kg。

图2‐1‐11 术后第2日肘关节X 线片

【随访结果】

患者术后3个月右肘关节被动活动VAS疼痛评分0分,主动活动VAS疼痛评分1分;患者对手术的满意度评分为9分(0~10分,0分为一点也不满意,10分为绝对满意)。屈伸活动范围5°~135°,Mayo 评分为良(95分)。未发现假体松动或假体周围骨折等并发症发生,术后功能良好(彩图2‐1‐12)。

【经验教训】

肱骨髁间骨折是创伤骨科领域中的治疗难点,术后并发症较多。近年来提倡通过切开复位内固定和早期的功能锻炼进行治疗。但对年龄较大、骨质疏松明显、难以复位和固定的患者,切开复位内固定的结果并不像年轻患者那样满意。年龄越大,内固定疗效越差,而全肘关节置换术治疗这类患者效果较好。全肘关节置换术最初应用于治疗类风湿关节炎,随着关节假体设计和手术技术的不断进步,全肘关节置换术的适应证不断扩大。部分肱骨远端严重粉碎性骨折以及骨质疏松明显的老年患者,应用切开复位内固定预后较差,并发症高,术后肘关节功能严重受限,全肘关节置换术已成为治疗这些骨折的有效方法。Kamineni等提出全肘关节置换治疗肱骨远端骨折的适应证为:年龄大于65岁,基本上不做剧烈活动,骨质疏松明显,骨折粉碎难以复位和固定。符合上述标准的Gustilo Ⅰ型开放骨折也可以行一期肘关节置换。其禁忌证为:化脓性感染以及污染严重的Gustilo Ⅱ、Ⅲ型开放骨折。本例患者为肱骨远端骨折,AO 分型为C1 型,同时该患者合并有类风湿关节炎,并且X 线片提示肱骨近端骨小梁结构变细、减少、间隙增宽,考虑该患者同时合并有骨质疏松症,遂一期行全肘关节置换术。

彩图2‐1‐12 术后功能像

目前全肘关节置换术已成为标准手术技术,预后良好。Garcia 等研究一组16例平均年龄73岁的患者,随访时间为3年,DASH 评分平均23分,MEPS 评分平均93分,优良率为94%。McKee 等通过一组切开复位内固定术和全肘关节置换术治疗肱骨远端骨折的随机对照研究发现,全肘关节置换术可减少二次手术的发生率,且在术后2年内有比切开复位内固定术组更好的预后。

有关全肘关节置换术治疗肱骨远端骨折的并发症的研究较少。McKee 等在研究中也发现,随着术后时间的增长,全肘关节置换术组及切开复位内固定术组患者肘关节功能都有不同程度的降低,且两组之间差异逐渐消失,考虑与术后并发症有关。常见并发症包括:松动、磨损、感染、脱位和半脱位、活动受限、尺神经受压、假体周围骨折等。这些并发症往往都是长期、晚期并发症,由于随访年限的关系,目前文献中报道较少。Kamineni 和Money 研究一组49例平均随访年限为7年的患者,发现晚期假体周围骨折发生率较高。

本例患者虽缺乏远期疗效的随访,但近期结果较满意,Mayo 评分为95分,患处无疼痛,且未发现假体松动或假体周围骨折等并发症发生,术后患侧活动度和日常功能明显优于对侧,患者对治疗结果较为满意。

总之,对年龄较大、骨质疏松明显、骨折粉碎难以复位和固定、关节面破坏严重的患者,尤其是既往有类风湿关节炎的患者,一期肘关节置换术可取得良好的疗效。

【专家点评】

目前,肱骨远端骨折因其复杂的解剖结构、严重的骨折粉碎程度,仍然是骨科治疗的难点之一。近年来提倡通过切开复位内固定和早期的功能锻炼进行治疗,但对年龄较大、骨质疏松明显、难以复位和固定的患者,切开复位内固定的结果并不像年轻患者那样满意。年龄越大,内固定疗效越差。而全肘关节置换术对于这类患者是很适合的手术方式。同时必须根据每例患者的不同情况作出个体化的分析,正确而灵活地调整手术方案以达到良好的效果。充分的术前准备,术中轻柔操作,尽量保护软组织血运,选择合适的假体并将假体尽可能地按照解剖关系植入,是手术成功的关键。

该病例术前准备完善,三维重建CT 检查将肱骨远端骨折的形态清晰完整的展示在我们面前。通过良好的术前评估,选择了适当的治疗方式。手术方案也充分考虑到了该病例的特点,本例患者为右侧肱骨远端骨折伴类风湿关节炎,AO 分型为C1 型,术前影像学检查提示肱骨关节面破坏严重,滑车结构几乎消失,行人工肘关节置换术后,假体位置良好,至随访时术后肘关节屈伸功能良好,是我们最为成功的病例之一。

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    2019-02-18 xugc
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    2018-11-12 yxch48
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1634385, encodeId=11d11634385b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57ce8110820' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肘关节#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81108, encryptionId=57ce8110820, topicName=肘关节)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fd5022160969, createdName=xugc, createdTime=Mon Feb 18 22:01:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1742499, encodeId=65f51e4249904, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=39cae96626f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#置换#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79662, encryptionId=39cae96626f, topicName=置换)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3a7c35056336, createdName=yxch48, createdTime=Mon Nov 12 16:01:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1754190, encodeId=5efa1e5419081, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d3330135ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#关节置换术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30135, encryptionId=7d3330135ac, topicName=关节置换术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=050736663344, createdName=apoenzyme, createdTime=Sun Mar 10 00:01:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1365980, encodeId=c6271365980d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=468119e04db' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#三甲医院#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=19704, encryptionId=468119e04db, topicName=三甲医院)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5662228, createdName=mjldent, createdTime=Sun May 27 08:01:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1552467, encodeId=90b6155246e20, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a8d5196997c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#三甲#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=19699, encryptionId=a8d5196997c, topicName=三甲)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=88e914287502, createdName=陈吴1239, createdTime=Sun May 27 08:01:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1576622, encodeId=3ad515e662226, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=48fee966468' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#置换术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=16, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79664, encryptionId=48fee966468, topicName=置换术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Sun May 27 08:01:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318504, encodeId=476531850408, content=好文章.学习了., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri May 25 17:16:14 CST 2018, time=2018-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1634385, encodeId=11d11634385b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57ce8110820' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肘关节#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81108, encryptionId=57ce8110820, topicName=肘关节)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fd5022160969, createdName=xugc, createdTime=Mon Feb 18 22:01:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1742499, encodeId=65f51e4249904, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=39cae96626f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#置换#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79662, encryptionId=39cae96626f, topicName=置换)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3a7c35056336, createdName=yxch48, createdTime=Mon Nov 12 16:01:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1754190, encodeId=5efa1e5419081, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d3330135ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#关节置换术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30135, encryptionId=7d3330135ac, topicName=关节置换术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=050736663344, createdName=apoenzyme, createdTime=Sun Mar 10 00:01:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1365980, encodeId=c6271365980d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=468119e04db' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#三甲医院#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=19704, encryptionId=468119e04db, topicName=三甲医院)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5662228, createdName=mjldent, createdTime=Sun May 27 08:01:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1552467, encodeId=90b6155246e20, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a8d5196997c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#三甲#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=19699, encryptionId=a8d5196997c, topicName=三甲)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=88e914287502, createdName=陈吴1239, createdTime=Sun May 27 08:01:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1576622, encodeId=3ad515e662226, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=48fee966468' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#置换术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=16, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79664, encryptionId=48fee966468, topicName=置换术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Sun May 27 08:01:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318504, encodeId=476531850408, content=好文章.学习了., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri May 25 17:16:14 CST 2018, time=2018-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1634385, encodeId=11d11634385b8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57ce8110820' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肘关节#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81108, encryptionId=57ce8110820, topicName=肘关节)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=fd5022160969, createdName=xugc, createdTime=Mon Feb 18 22:01:00 CST 2019, time=2019-02-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1742499, encodeId=65f51e4249904, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=39cae96626f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#置换#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79662, encryptionId=39cae96626f, topicName=置换)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3a7c35056336, createdName=yxch48, createdTime=Mon Nov 12 16:01:00 CST 2018, time=2018-11-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1754190, encodeId=5efa1e5419081, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7d3330135ac' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#关节置换术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30135, encryptionId=7d3330135ac, topicName=关节置换术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=050736663344, createdName=apoenzyme, createdTime=Sun Mar 10 00:01:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1365980, encodeId=c6271365980d0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=468119e04db' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#三甲医院#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=22, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=19704, encryptionId=468119e04db, topicName=三甲医院)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5662228, createdName=mjldent, createdTime=Sun May 27 08:01:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1552467, encodeId=90b6155246e20, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=a8d5196997c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#三甲#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=21, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=19699, encryptionId=a8d5196997c, topicName=三甲)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=88e914287502, createdName=陈吴1239, createdTime=Sun May 27 08:01:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1576622, encodeId=3ad515e662226, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=48fee966468' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#置换术#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=16, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=79664, encryptionId=48fee966468, topicName=置换术)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Sun May 27 08:01:00 CST 2018, time=2018-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=318504, encodeId=476531850408, content=好文章.学习了., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=60791943465, createdName=1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri May 25 17:16:14 CST 2018, time=2018-05-25, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-05-27 陈吴1239
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    2018-05-25 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    好文章.学习了.

    0

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