Cell重磅癌症专刊!Carl June全新深度好文:让T细胞免疫疗法更“牛”

2017-02-13 佚名 生物探索

日前,《细胞》杂志推出癌症专刊,从多个方向总结了癌症研究的进展。CAR-T疗法大牛Carl H. June教授在本期杂志上发表了一篇癌症免疫疗法重要综述,系统地回顾了T细胞疗法的经验与教训,提出了这类疗法需要解决的5大主要功能挑战以及解决方案。此外,该特刊还发表了一篇癌症免疫疗法耐药性综述,对不同类耐药性背后的内在和外在因素进行了详细分析。小编良心推荐,这期专刊,值得一看。



Carl H. June最新综述:下一代T细胞精准疗法

2月9日,Cell杂志发表了“Cancer: The Road Ahead”专刊,以多个主题聚焦癌症研究。其中,CAR-T疗法大牛、美国宾夕法尼亚大学Carl H. June教授与加州大学旧金山分校Wendell A. Lim教授在本期专刊上发表了一篇题为“The Principles of Engineering Immune Cells to Treat Cancer”的综述。文章在摘要中指出,CAR-T疗法已经证明了工程免疫细胞能够作为一种强大的新癌症疗法。这一领域现在面临的主要挑战是如何使工程T细胞成为能够对抗广泛癌症类型的、可靠、安全和有效的平台。

作者们指出,用于细胞工程的合成生物学方法的出现为研究者们“改造”免疫细胞提供了一套广泛的工具。在这一综述中,他们讨论了如何利用这些工具设计下一代智能的T细胞精准疗法。

“活的”疗法

工程T细胞疗法是Immuno-Oncology领域中的一部分。这类疗法之所以最具革命性,可能是因为它的概念是利用活细胞作为治疗平台。活细胞与无生命的平台(如小分子或者抗体)完全不同,它们具有智能的感知和响应行为。当然,这类细胞平台在操作、生产和管理方面也更具挑战性。

3大领域的融合

工程T细胞疗法代表了不同医学和基础科学领域的融合(图1)。这一新方法结合了3个已长期存在的治疗策略背后的概念:1)抗体,目前已成为识别和靶向疾病的标准平台,但主要是用于阻断目标蛋白的活性或毒性负荷(toxic payload);2)疫苗;利用多种方法唤醒天然免疫系统;3)移植(transplantation),用活的治疗平台(细胞或器官)替代有缺陷的系统。如今,科学家们已经能够将这些不同的治疗策略整合到一个更加强大的细胞治疗平台中。


图1:Engineered Therapeutic T Cells Provide a Transformative New Platform for Interfacing with Complex Diseases such as Cancer

下一代T细胞疗法

作者们在这一文章中总结了工程T细胞治疗领域的研究现状以及它前进的方向。综述主要包括以下七方面内容:

1# T细胞疗法的经验与教训

在该部分内容中,作者们总结了过去几十年中T细胞疗法的经验与教训,包括肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞疗法(TIL疗法)、TCR-T疗法、CD19-CAR-T疗法(图2)。


图2:Platforms for Redirecting T Cells to Cancer

2# 实体瘤的挑战

Immuno-Oncology领域最大的挑战是设计能够安全有效地治疗实体瘤(如腺癌和肉瘤)的T细胞疗法(图2D)。在该部分内容中,作者们考察了免疫系统能够杀死细胞组成的实体瘤的证据,总结了从过继T细胞转移疗法临床试验中获取的教训,以及改善T细胞设计从而优化实体瘤免疫疗法的机遇。

3# 抗癌细胞疗法必须解决多重挑战

Immuno-Oncology领域知识的爆炸性增长使得科学家们对T细胞究竟必须具有哪些功能才能“变身为”有效的抗癌疗法有了更深的理解。所有的癌症都是复杂的、多层面的疾病;因此,任何有效的T细胞疗法将需要同时解决多重挑战。在该部分内容中,作者们总结了大部分T细胞免疫疗法将需要解决的5大主要的功能挑战(图3):运输(Trafficking)、肿瘤识别和杀伤(Tumor Recognition and Killing)、增殖和持久性(Proliferation and Persistence)、克服抑制性微环境(Overcoming the Suppressive Microenvironment)以及控制机制(Control Mechanisms)。接下来的内容中,作者们提出了克服后面4大挑战的一些策略。


图3:Functional Needs for Optimal Anti-cancer T Cell Therapy

4# 改善识别:新的受体和识别程序

通过工程改造更优质的识别受体和识别回路有望显着改善研究者们的能力:设计出能有效识别肿瘤细胞且区分出正常细胞的T细胞疗法。在该部分内容中,作者们聚焦了工程CAR回路(engineering CAR-based circuits)相关的研究进展。这些回路能够通过整合多个抗原的信息,改善识别特异性(作者们总结的具体回路见图4A)。


图4:Emerging New Engineering Solutions for Addressing the Functional Challenges of Anti-cancer T Cells

5# 控制增殖和持久性

2015年,发表在《科学转化医学》上的一项研究(题目:Chimeric antigen receptor T cells persist and induce sustained remissions in relapsed refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia)表明,CAR-T细胞的增殖和持久性与白血病持续缓解相关。因此,采用不同的方式刺激增殖为改善过继转移T细胞的功能提供了重要的机会(作者们总结的具体方式见图4B)。

6# 改造微环境

作者们认为,工程抗癌T细胞最大的、未满足的需要可能就是克服或者改变免疫抑制微环境。即便工程T细胞能够被运向肿瘤细胞,并达到精准识别,如果它们被微环境抑制,它们依然不能有效攻击肿瘤。此外,另一个需要注意的问题是,肿瘤在本质上是多样的,它们可能有多种创建免疫抑制微环境的不同途径。因此,对抗这类微环境的方法可能也需要具有特异性。作者们在这部分内容中总结了一些改造微环境的方法,如联合检查点抑制剂、工程改造T细胞使其忽略抑制信号等(图4C)。

7# 打造严格的控制系统

能够增加T细胞疗法安全性的控制系统目前已成为临床上优先考虑的事。通过这些控制开关,医生能够调节T细胞的功能。作者们在该部分内容中总结的几类控制系统见图4D。

结论:精准医学中的免疫细胞疗法

癌症免疫疗法在过去的几年中繁荣发展。作为一种疗法,T细胞的能力是非常显着的。但不可否认,工程T细胞疗法依然面临着很多挑战。幸运的是,在免疫疗法崛起时,合成生物学和基因组工程领域越加成熟。这些工具将推动T细胞癌症疗法的发展。


图5:Smart Cell Therapies May Fulfill Promise of Precision Medicine

现在,我们已经进入了一个精准生物信息学时代。我们能够获得肿瘤相关的高度详细的信息,如存在哪个抗原、存在哪些类型的抑制分子以及这些分子如何在不同的细胞中分布,形成肿瘤的生态系统。作者们表示,如果我们能够将精准信息学与精准细胞疗法成功的结合,精准医学的概念最终将更加充实(图5)。

2

另一篇重要综述:聚焦癌症免疫疗法耐药性

除Carl H. June教授的这篇文章外,德克萨斯大学MD安德森癌症中心的Padmanee Sharma博士联合其他3位研究者也在该专刊上发表了一篇题为“Primary, Adaptive, and Acquired Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy”的综述文章。

作者们指出,癌症免疫疗法能够在转移性癌症患者中诱导持久的响应。扩大这类疗法的临床应用需要提升对癌症免疫疗法限制性背后机制的理解。随着免疫疗法耐药性的分子机制不断被阐明,研究者们有望开发出改善临床结果的可行策略。


表1

在这一文章中,作者们将耐药性分为三类(表1):Primary Resistance(初始耐药性,患者不响应免疫疗法)、Adaptive Immune Resistance(适应性免疫耐药性,癌症在被免疫系统识别的情况下通过适应免疫攻击保护自己)以及Acquired Resistance(获得性耐药性,患者最初对免疫疗法有响应,但一段时间后病情复发)。


图6:Known Intrinsic Mechanisms of Resistance to Immunotherapy


图7:Known Extrinsic Mechanisms of Resistance to Immunotherapy

文章详细总结了初始和适应性耐药性的肿瘤-细胞-内在因素(图6)和外在因素(图7),汇总了获得性耐药性相关的成果,总结了与监控及克服耐药性相关的研究进展(表3)。在结论中,作者们表示,到目前为止,只有少数患者能够获益于癌症免疫疗法,阐明这些机制将为克服免疫疗法耐药性提供重要的线索。


表3

3

除以上两篇免疫疗法综述外,该专刊还囊括了多篇重要文章。专刊称,战胜癌症是一代又一代生物学家和临床医生的人生使命。正如封面图所寓意的一样,科学家们追求战胜癌症的途径多种多样,但最终的目标都是一致的。

现状:揭开癌症的复杂性

癌症不是一种疾病(Cancer is not one disease)。数十年来,癌症起源、细胞行为和分子特性的复杂性阻碍着研究人员掌握其背后多层面的生物学。然而,今时不同往日,测序技术的快速发展成了游戏规则的改变者。这一技术可用于在单细胞水平理解癌症的基因和转录组成。该专刊中题为“Next-Generation Sequencing of Circulating Tumor DNA for Early Cancer Detection”的文章指出,循环肿瘤DNA检测有望克服开发安全有效的癌症筛查检测所面临的挑战。

当然,癌症的复杂性不仅在于它的遗传学,还包括它对其生存环境变化多端的响应,如代谢异质性。该专刊中,来自德克萨斯大学西南医学中心的科学家发表了一篇关于代谢与癌症生物学的综述文章(Understanding the Intersections between Metabolism and Cancer Biology)。另外,伦敦大学学院癌症研究所的两位科学家发表了一篇与肿瘤异质性相关的综述文章(Clonal Heterogeneity and Tumor Evolution: Past, Present, and the Future)。作者们称,瘤内异质性是癌症医学的关键挑战。

此外,肿瘤的复杂性还不局限于其本身。它与周边微环境之间有着活跃的、动态的交流。科学家们对这方面认识的不断加强已产生了改变多种癌症治疗的免疫检查点阻断疗法。事实上,基因组学、新陈代谢以及微环境这三方面只是3个例子,表明了研究者们测定、分析和利用肿瘤固有复杂性的能力在不断增强,增加了我们与癌症之间这场“战争”的胜算。

趋势:新兴技术的“联合”将是方向

该专刊称,癌症的下一代疗法可能会来自一些新兴技术的组合,如,将合成生物学以及基于CRISPR的基因组编辑技术应用到免疫细胞中,为开发安全、有效的T细胞癌症免疫疗法带来新的希望。同样,基因组测序、高分辨率成像和纳米技术的发展也为癌症早期诊断提供了新的可能。

思考:开发疗法不是唯一任务

值得一提的是,癌症不仅是一个研究课题,也是一个医学问题、一个社会问题。除了知识和技术限制,还有很多需要迫切解决的问题,如学术团体、商业团体和监管机构如何才能共同努力让药物更加便宜、如何才能在尊重病人隐私和促进临床数据分享之间达到平衡?这些可能不是研究者们每天在实验室中思考的问题,但在与癌症的对抗中,让患者受益是最终目标。需要谨记的是,寻找靶点和开发治疗方法不是我们面对的唯一任务。

原始出处:


Aravanis AM, Lee M, Klausner RD.Next-Generation Sequencing of Circulating Tumor DNA for Early Cancer Detection.Cell. 2017 Feb 9.

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  2. 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createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Apr 30 08:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1960022, encodeId=e5b4196002288, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Wed Jul 19 18:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1943632, encodeId=e7d11943632b9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=42b918013fe' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#T细胞免疫疗法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18013, encryptionId=42b918013fe, topicName=T细胞免疫疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=68f2317, createdName=天堂的云, createdTime=Mon Sep 11 10:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1407575, encodeId=6e44140e57527, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f150e779256' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞免疫#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77792, encryptionId=f150e779256, topicName=细胞免疫)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b9362684728, createdName=tulenzi, createdTime=Wed Feb 15 02:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1476307, encodeId=d0a914e6307a9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e5d5e779600' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞免疫疗法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77796, encryptionId=e5d5e779600, topicName=细胞免疫疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1b707274309, createdName=dzx0922891, createdTime=Wed Feb 15 02:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1549035, encodeId=2883154903544, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f7879600061' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重磅#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96000, encryptionId=f7879600061, topicName=重磅)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3acc14121561, createdName=xxxx1054, createdTime=Wed Feb 15 02:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=175935, encodeId=6da11e593555, content=抗体,目前已成为识别和靶向疾病的标准平台,但主要是用于阻断目标蛋白的活性或毒性负荷(toxic payload);2)疫苗;利用多种方法唤醒天然免疫系统;3)移植(transplantation),用活的治, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuF63NQckT5BOaic1el7cRelbpr859YXtZQHQSaWnqZCRPOZzDBcjsBNx7AFefLHh1UvMPS4kPP0BG/0, createdBy=47831990981, createdName=1e1a50a1m36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Feb 13 12:39:10 CST 2017, time=2017-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=175918, encodeId=b5361e59184b, content=签到学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/A3E53E62691178E2F18D7B999FD22131/100, createdBy=f44d2003846, createdName=Chongyang Zhang, createdTime=Mon Feb 13 12:18:14 CST 2017, time=2017-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1782621, encodeId=ca081e826218a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7a1c410ef6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Carl#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4107, encryptionId=7a1c410ef6, topicName=Carl)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Wed Aug 02 00:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1869763, encodeId=a3231869e639a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Apr 30 08:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1960022, encodeId=e5b4196002288, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Wed Jul 19 18:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1943632, encodeId=e7d11943632b9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=42b918013fe' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#T细胞免疫疗法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18013, encryptionId=42b918013fe, topicName=T细胞免疫疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=68f2317, createdName=天堂的云, createdTime=Mon Sep 11 10:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1407575, encodeId=6e44140e57527, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f150e779256' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞免疫#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77792, encryptionId=f150e779256, topicName=细胞免疫)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b9362684728, createdName=tulenzi, createdTime=Wed Feb 15 02:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1476307, encodeId=d0a914e6307a9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e5d5e779600' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞免疫疗法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77796, encryptionId=e5d5e779600, topicName=细胞免疫疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1b707274309, createdName=dzx0922891, createdTime=Wed Feb 15 02:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1549035, encodeId=2883154903544, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f7879600061' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重磅#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96000, encryptionId=f7879600061, topicName=重磅)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3acc14121561, createdName=xxxx1054, createdTime=Wed Feb 15 02:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=175935, encodeId=6da11e593555, content=抗体,目前已成为识别和靶向疾病的标准平台,但主要是用于阻断目标蛋白的活性或毒性负荷(toxic payload);2)疫苗;利用多种方法唤醒天然免疫系统;3)移植(transplantation),用活的治, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuF63NQckT5BOaic1el7cRelbpr859YXtZQHQSaWnqZCRPOZzDBcjsBNx7AFefLHh1UvMPS4kPP0BG/0, createdBy=47831990981, createdName=1e1a50a1m36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Feb 13 12:39:10 CST 2017, time=2017-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=175918, encodeId=b5361e59184b, content=签到学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/A3E53E62691178E2F18D7B999FD22131/100, createdBy=f44d2003846, createdName=Chongyang Zhang, createdTime=Mon Feb 13 12:18:14 CST 2017, time=2017-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-19 维他命
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1782621, encodeId=ca081e826218a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7a1c410ef6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Carl#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4107, encryptionId=7a1c410ef6, topicName=Carl)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Wed Aug 02 00:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1869763, encodeId=a3231869e639a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Apr 30 08:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1960022, encodeId=e5b4196002288, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Wed Jul 19 18:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1943632, encodeId=e7d11943632b9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=42b918013fe' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#T细胞免疫疗法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18013, encryptionId=42b918013fe, topicName=T细胞免疫疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=68f2317, createdName=天堂的云, createdTime=Mon Sep 11 10:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1407575, encodeId=6e44140e57527, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f150e779256' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞免疫#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77792, encryptionId=f150e779256, topicName=细胞免疫)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b9362684728, createdName=tulenzi, createdTime=Wed Feb 15 02:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1476307, encodeId=d0a914e6307a9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e5d5e779600' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞免疫疗法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77796, encryptionId=e5d5e779600, topicName=细胞免疫疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1b707274309, createdName=dzx0922891, createdTime=Wed Feb 15 02:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1549035, encodeId=2883154903544, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f7879600061' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重磅#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96000, encryptionId=f7879600061, topicName=重磅)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3acc14121561, createdName=xxxx1054, createdTime=Wed Feb 15 02:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=175935, encodeId=6da11e593555, content=抗体,目前已成为识别和靶向疾病的标准平台,但主要是用于阻断目标蛋白的活性或毒性负荷(toxic payload);2)疫苗;利用多种方法唤醒天然免疫系统;3)移植(transplantation),用活的治, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuF63NQckT5BOaic1el7cRelbpr859YXtZQHQSaWnqZCRPOZzDBcjsBNx7AFefLHh1UvMPS4kPP0BG/0, createdBy=47831990981, createdName=1e1a50a1m36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Feb 13 12:39:10 CST 2017, time=2017-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=175918, encodeId=b5361e59184b, content=签到学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/A3E53E62691178E2F18D7B999FD22131/100, createdBy=f44d2003846, createdName=Chongyang Zhang, createdTime=Mon Feb 13 12:18:14 CST 2017, time=2017-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1782621, encodeId=ca081e826218a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7a1c410ef6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Carl#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4107, encryptionId=7a1c410ef6, topicName=Carl)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Wed Aug 02 00:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1869763, encodeId=a3231869e639a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, 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encryptionId=42b918013fe, topicName=T细胞免疫疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=68f2317, createdName=天堂的云, createdTime=Mon Sep 11 10:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1407575, encodeId=6e44140e57527, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f150e779256' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞免疫#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77792, encryptionId=f150e779256, topicName=细胞免疫)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b9362684728, createdName=tulenzi, createdTime=Wed Feb 15 02:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1476307, encodeId=d0a914e6307a9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e5d5e779600' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞免疫疗法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77796, encryptionId=e5d5e779600, topicName=细胞免疫疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1b707274309, createdName=dzx0922891, createdTime=Wed Feb 15 02:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1549035, encodeId=2883154903544, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f7879600061' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重磅#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96000, encryptionId=f7879600061, topicName=重磅)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3acc14121561, createdName=xxxx1054, createdTime=Wed Feb 15 02:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=175935, encodeId=6da11e593555, content=抗体,目前已成为识别和靶向疾病的标准平台,但主要是用于阻断目标蛋白的活性或毒性负荷(toxic payload);2)疫苗;利用多种方法唤醒天然免疫系统;3)移植(transplantation),用活的治, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuF63NQckT5BOaic1el7cRelbpr859YXtZQHQSaWnqZCRPOZzDBcjsBNx7AFefLHh1UvMPS4kPP0BG/0, createdBy=47831990981, createdName=1e1a50a1m36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Feb 13 12:39:10 CST 2017, time=2017-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=175918, encodeId=b5361e59184b, content=签到学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/A3E53E62691178E2F18D7B999FD22131/100, createdBy=f44d2003846, createdName=Chongyang Zhang, createdTime=Mon Feb 13 12:18:14 CST 2017, time=2017-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1782621, encodeId=ca081e826218a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7a1c410ef6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Carl#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4107, encryptionId=7a1c410ef6, topicName=Carl)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Wed Aug 02 00:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1869763, encodeId=a3231869e639a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Sun Apr 30 08:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-04-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1960022, encodeId=e5b4196002288, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Wed Jul 19 18:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1943632, encodeId=e7d11943632b9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=42b918013fe' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#T细胞免疫疗法#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=18013, 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77796, encryptionId=e5d5e779600, topicName=细胞免疫疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1b707274309, createdName=dzx0922891, createdTime=Wed Feb 15 02:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1549035, encodeId=2883154903544, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f7879600061' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重磅#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96000, encryptionId=f7879600061, topicName=重磅)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3acc14121561, createdName=xxxx1054, createdTime=Wed Feb 15 02:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=175935, encodeId=6da11e593555, content=抗体,目前已成为识别和靶向疾病的标准平台,但主要是用于阻断目标蛋白的活性或毒性负荷(toxic payload);2)疫苗;利用多种方法唤醒天然免疫系统;3)移植(transplantation),用活的治, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuF63NQckT5BOaic1el7cRelbpr859YXtZQHQSaWnqZCRPOZzDBcjsBNx7AFefLHh1UvMPS4kPP0BG/0, createdBy=47831990981, createdName=1e1a50a1m36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Feb 13 12:39:10 CST 2017, time=2017-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=175918, encodeId=b5361e59184b, content=签到学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/A3E53E62691178E2F18D7B999FD22131/100, createdBy=f44d2003846, createdName=Chongyang Zhang, createdTime=Mon Feb 13 12:18:14 CST 2017, time=2017-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1782621, encodeId=ca081e826218a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7a1c410ef6' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Carl#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4107, encryptionId=7a1c410ef6, topicName=Carl)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=30bd35, createdName=一叶知秋, createdTime=Wed Aug 02 00:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1869763, encodeId=a3231869e639a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77796, encryptionId=e5d5e779600, topicName=细胞免疫疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1b707274309, createdName=dzx0922891, createdTime=Wed Feb 15 02:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1549035, encodeId=2883154903544, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f7879600061' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重磅#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96000, encryptionId=f7879600061, topicName=重磅)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3acc14121561, createdName=xxxx1054, createdTime=Wed Feb 15 02:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=175935, encodeId=6da11e593555, content=抗体,目前已成为识别和靶向疾病的标准平台,但主要是用于阻断目标蛋白的活性或毒性负荷(toxic payload);2)疫苗;利用多种方法唤醒天然免疫系统;3)移植(transplantation),用活的治, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuF63NQckT5BOaic1el7cRelbpr859YXtZQHQSaWnqZCRPOZzDBcjsBNx7AFefLHh1UvMPS4kPP0BG/0, createdBy=47831990981, createdName=1e1a50a1m36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Feb 13 12:39:10 CST 2017, time=2017-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=175918, encodeId=b5361e59184b, content=签到学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/A3E53E62691178E2F18D7B999FD22131/100, createdBy=f44d2003846, createdName=Chongyang Zhang, createdTime=Mon Feb 13 12:18:14 CST 2017, time=2017-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-02-15 xxxx1054
  8. 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channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77796, encryptionId=e5d5e779600, topicName=细胞免疫疗法)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1b707274309, createdName=dzx0922891, createdTime=Wed Feb 15 02:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1549035, encodeId=2883154903544, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f7879600061' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#重磅#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96000, encryptionId=f7879600061, topicName=重磅)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3acc14121561, createdName=xxxx1054, createdTime=Wed Feb 15 02:52:00 CST 2017, time=2017-02-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=175935, encodeId=6da11e593555, 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13 12:18:14 CST 2017, time=2017-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-02-13 1e1a50a1m36(暂无匿称)

    抗体,目前已成为识别和靶向疾病的标准平台,但主要是用于阻断目标蛋白的活性或毒性负荷(toxic payload);2)疫苗;利用多种方法唤醒天然免疫系统;3)移植(transplantation),用活的治

    0

  9. 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content=抗体,目前已成为识别和靶向疾病的标准平台,但主要是用于阻断目标蛋白的活性或毒性负荷(toxic payload);2)疫苗;利用多种方法唤醒天然免疫系统;3)移植(transplantation),用活的治, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=75, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuF63NQckT5BOaic1el7cRelbpr859YXtZQHQSaWnqZCRPOZzDBcjsBNx7AFefLHh1UvMPS4kPP0BG/0, createdBy=47831990981, createdName=1e1a50a1m36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Mon Feb 13 12:39:10 CST 2017, time=2017-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=175918, encodeId=b5361e59184b, content=签到学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://q.qlogo.cn/qqapp/1103841572/A3E53E62691178E2F18D7B999FD22131/100, createdBy=f44d2003846, createdName=Chongyang Zhang, createdTime=Mon Feb 13 12:18:14 CST 2017, time=2017-02-13, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-02-13 Chongyang Zhang

    签到学习了

    0

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