合并糖尿病、冠心病且人工起搏器术后患者拟行胆囊切除术,如何安全麻醉?

2017-01-07 余奇劲(武汉大学人民医院麻醉科,副主任医师,武汉大学硕士研究生导师) 医学界麻醉频道

【病例介绍】患者,男,70岁,62Kg。主诉:无明显诱因出现右上肢、右背部痛5天。既往史:Ⅱ型糖尿病10年、冠心病16年。16年前在当地医院诊断为“急性心肌梗塞”,经住院治疗后好转。4年前因心率慢(最低32次/分),在某院安置人工心脏起搏器至今。术前诊断:胆结石、胆囊炎、糖尿病、冠心病、人工起搏器术后。查体:BP 132/78mmHg,P 62次/分,R 16次/分,SPO2 98%。拟行手术

【病例介绍】


患者,男,70岁,62Kg。主诉:无明显诱因出现右上肢、右背部痛5天。既往史:Ⅱ型糖尿病10年、冠心病16年。16年前在当地医院诊断为“急性心肌梗塞”,经住院治疗后好转。4年前因心率慢(最低32次/分),在某院安置人工心脏起搏器至今。术前诊断:胆结石、胆囊炎、糖尿病、冠心病、人工起搏器术后。查体:BP 132/78mmHg,P 62次/分,R 16次/分,SPO2 98%。拟行手术:胆囊切除术。


【讨论分析思考题】


1、 针对该患者,术前访视应询问和注意哪些病史?注意哪些症状、体征、化验和物理检查?


2、 该患者术前应作哪些特殊检查?有何意义?


3、 围术期有可能发生哪些严重的并发症?


4 、有什么方法能降低患者心脏方面的严重并发症?


5 、如何为病人选择最佳的手术时机?


6 、若要进行手术麻醉,患者的麻醉方式选择和围术期的麻醉管理应注意哪些方面的问题?


【临床思维要点】


1 、该患者的术前访视应详细询问患者各个方面的病史。


2 、特殊检查:①检测起搏器是否能正常工作。②心脏彩超。③负荷实验。④冠脉造影或心脏64位CT。⑤心电图。做好术前检查,有利于预防围术期可能发生的严重并发症。


3、 围术期可能发生的严重并发症:①再次心梗,②室壁瘤破裂:急性心包填塞死亡(可能性较小)、乳头肌断裂、二尖瓣脱垂。③起搏器错误放电引起的心率失常。


4、 可从以下几个方面来预防:心梗的预防,术前先行冠脉造影,必要时行冠脉搭桥和室壁瘤修补术,然后再做胆囊手术,有助于预防室壁瘤破裂和再次心梗的发生。


5、 综合患者各方面病情考虑,选择最佳手术时机。


6 、麻醉方式选择气管插管全身麻醉方式。


【参考答案】


1、术前访视应详细询问的病史


①应询问16年前发生心梗的有关情况。②应询问有无高血压、脑血管疾病及血糖控制情况。③询问其平常活动量,活动后有无心累、气紧、胸闷、心前区疼痛等症状。④询问安置人工心脏起搏器前有无眼前黑蒙、昏厥等病史。⑤询问安置人工起搏器的类型和起搏方式,确认起搏器工作良好。⑥化验和物理检查方面:血糖情况,包括空腹和餐后血糖。血钾情况,安置人工起搏器的病人,应特别注意血K+,因为血K+高低也能对起搏器产生影响。低血K+常使仪器丢失捕获起搏信息的时机。高血K+有引发室性心动过速或室颤的危险。化验检查方面还应注意冠心病病人术前白细胞数,血浆纤维蛋白原及胆固醇的升高,这三种检测值上升并无其他明显原因存在,意味着动脉血管沉积胆固醇处引发炎性改变,同时又存在血管内膜下出血。ECG情况,DDD起搏心律、频率,QRS时限。X片情况,双肺有无实变,胸腔有无其他病变,心影大小的改变。肾功能及蛋白尿,明确有无糖尿病肾功能损害。


2 、术前应做的特殊检查及其意义:


①检测起搏器是否能正常工作。②心脏彩超:了解房室大小,有无室壁异常搏动,心梗后有无室壁瘤的形成,心功能等情况。③负荷实验:蹬车试验中的心电图改变可用来评估心血管系统的风险。④冠脉造影或心脏64位CT:是判断冠状动脉病变的金标准。⑤心电图:心脏病人常规心电图检查多数存在不同的异常,如心肌缺血、节律异常和传导异常等,但部分病人心电图也可以正常。作为术前准备与治疗的依据,而且有助于术中、术后的处理和鉴别。


3、 围术期可能发生的严重并发症:


①再次心梗,②室壁瘤破裂:急性心包填塞死亡(可能性较小)、乳头肌断裂、二尖瓣脱垂。③起搏器错误放电引起的心率失常。


4 、既往心梗病史:


曾有心梗史的冠心病病人,术前心梗的预防是该病人术前准备的重点,预防要点有:再梗的发生与上次心梗距离手术时间密切有关;②上次心梗后如血胆固醇仍然较高,因而再梗的危险性增加;③收缩压的下降,也有助于降低再梗发生率;④控制血糖,控制体重;⑤左心室增大会增大再梗的危险;⑥老年病人还应重视充血性心力衰竭的发生,它常是再梗的前兆,且易于致命。


术前先行冠脉造影,必要时行冠脉搭桥和室壁瘤修补术,然后再做胆囊手术,有助于预防室壁瘤破裂和再次心梗的发生。


安置起搏器的病人应避免使用传统的单极电刀,因为起搏器可能把电刀当成心室活动,并抑制其传出冲动,引起心率失常。任何有电复率及超速起搏功能的起搏器在入手术室时都应关闭这两项功能,以防止电刀的干扰被误以为是心动过速而错误放电。在病人离开手术室时要切记启动该功能。


5 、根据患者目前的病情,心功能尚可,我们不能将冠脉搭桥作为一种预防性手术,因为冠脉搭桥术的死亡率为3-5%,而心脏病人的非心脏手术的死亡率为3%左右,在此种情况下,我们应以循证医学的观点来看待,向家属讲明术中可能发生的情况及危险,让病人和委托代理人作出选择。同时麻醉科应该向医院有关部门请示和汇报患者的病情,让院方组织全院会诊,作出目前是否可以进行手术与麻醉的决定。


6 、若要进行手术麻醉,患者的麻醉方式选择气管插管全身麻醉方式,同时请心血管内科医师在手术室协助处理围手术期间的意外情况。


围术期的麻醉管理应主要注意


1、麻醉前药物准备:药物准备要充分(麻醉药、心血管药、胰岛素),建立良好的多条静脉通道,以便可及时应用所需药物。术前给予扩冠药可降低心肌缺血的发生率。任何有电复率及超速起搏功能的起搏器在入手术室时都应关闭这两项功能,以防止电刀的干扰被误以为是心动过速而错误放电。在病人离开手术室时要切记启动该功能。


2、术中监测:除常规监测外,还需检测IBP、CVP、血糖、尿量、血气和电解质。


3、麻醉诱导要平稳:麻醉诱导给药一定要缓慢,甚至分次给药,以逐步加深麻醉。要足够的麻醉深度避免或减轻气管插管反应,又要避免过深而明显抑制循环功能。


4、麻醉维持:各种吸入麻醉药、静脉麻醉和镇痛药均可用于麻醉维持。常用吸入麻醉药可扩张血管、抑制交感活性,减少心肌耗氧。>1MAC均会抑制心肌,不主张用单纯吸入麻醉。全凭静脉麻醉虽可以应用,掌握不当易出现麻醉偏浅。宜采用静吸复合全麻,且易于调控。镇痛应充分。


5、心肌氧供的保证:充分保证心肌供氧,减少心肌氧耗,维持循环稳定,使围术期心肌氧供需保持平衡。①预防交感神经系统活性增强:术前解除紧张、焦虑;术中用麻醉药和β阻滞剂预防应激反应和儿茶酚胺释放。②降低心率:足够麻醉深度和用β阻滞剂。③维持冠脉灌注压:补足血容量、降低吸入麻醉药浓度及用苯肾上腺素等维持灌注压。④降低心肌收缩性:β阻滞剂和麻醉药可达目的。⑤避免使用增加心脏负担的药物,比如麻黄碱,另外输液也要注意。⑥预处理心肌。


6、苏醒及拔管:麻醉减浅及吸痰拔管的刺激,使HR和BP升高、心肌氧耗增加、心律失常,甚至发生心脏意外。病人深麻醉下较清醒后拔管更安全。深麻醉拔管技术:有效镇痛、排尽吸入麻醉药及拮抗肌松效应,以异丙酚维持一定深度麻醉下吸痰拔管。也可拔管前应用小剂量β受体阻滞剂、钙通道阻滞剂、硝酸甘油等,以减轻或避免吸痰拔管期间的心血管应激反应。


7、术后镇痛:完善术后镇痛可减少儿茶酚胺释放和降低血液粘稠度,从而降低心肌缺血的发生率。


8、加强抗感染治疗。

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    2017-01-24 1e1d0ffbm72(暂无匿称)

    安全是永恒的话题

    0

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    2017-01-09 inter158

    安全麻醉很重要学习

    0

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    2017-01-09 HNYYM
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