Proc Natl Acad Sci USA:基因变异乳汁更足

2018-04-30 佚名 生物360

美洲原住民的母亲拥有可能增加乳汁中营养物质的基因变异。

美洲原住民的母亲拥有可能增加乳汁中营养物质的基因变异。



当美洲原住民的祖先在约 2 万年前冒险穿过白令陆桥,从今天的西伯利亚到达阿拉斯加时,他们不得不在漫长、黑暗的冬季拼尽全力获得足够的阳光。生活在如此靠北且缺少阳光的地方,本应出现佝偻病和其他健康问题。然而,这个群体莫名其妙地生存下来,甚至繁荣到足以在那里生活上千年。一项最新研究显示,他们的运气是携带了一种在古代牙齿中显示出来的基因突变。该突变促进了女性胸部乳导管的发育,而这可能帮助哺乳母亲将更多营养物质传递给婴儿。

被关注的基因名为 EDAR。美洲原住民和亚洲人携带一个同更浓密毛发、更多汗腺和铲形门齿相关的 EDAR 基因变种。该基因的变体 V370A 在约 3 万年前出现于中国。当时,气候非常炎热、潮湿。这促使研究人员初步推断,在这种环境中拥有更多汗腺是有利的。不过,约 2 万年前,该基因变体在亚洲人和美洲原住民的祖先中扩散。而当时,他们在亚洲和白令陆桥生活的气候要更加寒冷、干旱。因此,该基因扩散的真实起源一直不得而知。

最新研究表明,该基因变异是如此有益,以至于扩散到每个美洲人。由 美国加州大学伯克利分校 生物人类学家 Leslea Hlusko 领导的团队,分析了来自欧洲、亚洲以及南北美洲 54 个考古地点的 5000 余人的牙齿数据。他们在约 40% 的亚洲人和全部 3183 块美洲原住民化石中,发现了铲形门齿以及导致它们形成的基因变体。

这表明,在最早到达白令陆桥的人群中有些成员可能携带了这种出现于亚洲的基因。随后,它在 2.8 万~1.8 万年前生活于此的其余小规模孤立人群中迅速扩散。

生活在海拔如此高的地方,会让哺乳期婴儿面临冬天无法获得足够阳光因而无法在皮肤中合成维生素 D 的风险。和成年人不同,哺乳期婴儿无法食用富含维生素 D 的海产品和器官肉类进行补偿。而维生素 D 缺乏会引发骨骼发育方面的严重疾病,比如佝偻病。它还会影响脂肪为身体提供能量的很多方式以及免疫系统抵御疾病。

在小鼠研究中,EDAR 变体促成了拥有更加复杂分支的乳导管发育。Hlusko 和同事推断,这些额外的分支使母亲得以产生更多乳汁,或者将更多营养物质传递给婴儿。如果这样,那么拥有 EDAR 变体的母亲养育的孩子更有可能生存下来,并因此将该变体在整个人群中扩散。研究人员在日前出版的美国《国家科学院院刊》上 报告 了这一发现。

原始出处:Hlusko LJ, Carlson JP, Chaplin G, et al. Environmental selection during the last ice age on the mother-to-infant transmission of vitamin D and fatty acids through breast milk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Apr 23. 

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    2018-12-22 liye789132251
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    2018-09-16 linlin2312
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    2018-07-30 qidongfanjian
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    2019-04-05 lishizhe
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    2018-05-02 sunylz

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