张锋再造三合一组合抗病毒的新型CRISPR Cas13系统

2019-10-15 徐悦 生物探索

近日,麻省理工学院和哈佛大学Broad研究所传来好消息:Pardis C. Sabeti、张锋等科学家联合开发出一种新型的抗病毒系统。世界上有许多常见的致命病原体都是基于单链RNA的病毒,像是埃博拉病毒、寨卡病毒和流感病毒。该系统在CRISPR Cas13技术的基础上再次升级,可用于检测和破坏人类细胞中具有单链RNA的病毒。该研究发表在《Molecular Cell》杂志上。

近日,麻省理工学院和哈佛大学Broad研究所传来好消息:Pardis C. Sabeti、张锋等科学家联合开发出一种新型的抗病毒系统。世界上有许多常见的致命病原体都是基于单链RNA的病毒,像是埃博拉病毒、寨卡病毒和流感病毒。该系统在CRISPR Cas13技术的基础上再次升级,可用于检测和破坏人类细胞中具有单链RNA的病毒。该研究发表在《Molecular Cell》杂志上。

CRISPR系统为抗病毒方法带来曙光

此前,张锋团队的研究人员凭借着CRISPR/Cas9系统为加固免疫系统抵抗病毒入侵带来新的希望。然而,入侵人类的病毒极为多变,即使是在同一物种内,也能不断适应环境。因此我们需要更为灵活的预防病毒平台。

为了探索新的抗病毒策略,研究人员将目光投向了CRISPR Cas13系统,Cas13酶可以天然地靶向细菌中的病毒RNA。它可以对蛋白质进行编程,从病毒颗粒中去除特定的核糖核酸序列。尽管CRISPR Cas13系统仍然存在一些局限性,但是该方法在实验室中易于操作,并且此前张锋团队的研究人员在哺乳动物细胞中已经进行了充分的实验证明。

研究人员开发了一种名为CARVER的新型平台,它能将Cas13介导的病毒RNA裂解与基于Cas13的快速诊断读数结合起来,使用特定的高灵敏度酶报告分子解锁(SHERLOCK)平台,检测消灭基于RNA的病毒。

创建三合一的系统

研究人员首先筛选了350多个人类相关病毒(HAV)基因组,以鉴定Cas13可以有效靶向的病毒RNA序列。他们主要寻找的是既不易突变,又最有可能在切割后禁用病毒的片段。


病毒基因组中潜在的Cas13目标位点

哈佛大学Cameron Sabeti实验室的博士后Myhrvold博士表示:“理论上,你可以编程Cas13来攻击病毒的任何部分。但是物种内部和物种之间都有巨大的多样性,随着病毒的进化,大部分基因组都发生了迅速的变化。如果你不小心,你可能会追求最终没有效果的目标。”

然后,他们通过计算分析测序数据,以确定数百种病毒物种中的数千个潜在位点,这些位点可能是Cas13的有效靶标。接下来,研究人员设计了该系统的Cas13指导RNA。


新编程的Cas13在感染了淋巴细胞性脉络膜脑膜炎病毒(LCMV)、甲型流感病毒(IAV)和水泡性口炎病毒(VSV)的人类细胞中进行了实验测试。将Cas13引入样品后24小时,研究人员观察到培养物中病毒RNA的水平降低了40倍。

随后,研究人员检查了Cas1抑制病毒感染性的能力。研究数据显示:病毒暴露后八小时,Cas13将流感病毒的感染力降低了300倍以上。最后,该团队使用SHERLOCK检测技术来实时测量Cas13靶向后的病毒RNA水平。该检测系统提供了有关治疗效果的快速反馈以及有关特定病毒突变的信息。

结语

对于病毒感染的治疗,虽然已经批准了90多种抗病毒药物,但它们只能治疗9种疾病。总体而言,只有16种病毒具有FDA批准的疫苗。因此,找到行之有效的抗病毒方法显得尤为重要。

该研究的第一作者 Catherine Freije 表示:“Cas13可以是一种研究工具,来探索人类细胞中病毒生物学的许多方面,它也可能是一种临床工具,用于诊断样本,治疗病毒感染,并衡量治疗的有效性——所有这些都能让CARVER在新的或耐药性病毒出现时迅速适应和应对。”

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    2020-09-21 liuxiaona
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    2019-10-17 yuandd
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    2019-10-17 yahu
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    2019-10-17 yaanren

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Nat Microbiol:中国学者发现人类新型抗艾滋病毒蛋白PSGL-1,助力新型抗艾滋病药物研究

PSGL-1具有多重抗病毒功能,包括抑制病毒DNA复制和抑制新生病毒颗粒的新一轮感染。艾滋病毒通过其附属蛋白Vpu对PSGL-1进行结合并促进PSGL-1的降解,从而逃逸PSGL-1的抗病毒功能。研究Vpu和PSGL-1的结合抑制剂为新型抗艾滋病药物提供了新的途径。

J Exp Med:曹雪涛团队发现抗病毒先天免疫新调控通路!

先天性免疫是宿主抵御病毒感染的第一道防线,在宿主清除病毒过程中发挥关键作用。病毒进入机体后,能刺激人体的巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞以及体细胞产生干扰素(IFN)和一系列细胞因子来抵抗或清除病毒,而组蛋白的翻译后修饰(PTM)已被证明在该过程的表观遗传调控中扮演重要角色。