Science:寄生虫或可帮助人类对抗炎症性肠病

2016-04-17 叶予 生物通

寄生虫是一些令人讨厌的小东西,它们会钻入我们体内,偷走我们的营养,吸食我们的血液。然而Science杂志发表的一项最新研究表明,寄生性的肠道蠕虫能对肠道菌组成起到有益影响,帮助人体对抗炎症性肠病。 为了模拟炎症性肠病(Crohn's disease),Deepshika Ramanan及其同事构建了缺乏基因Nod2的小鼠。这些小鼠会出现明显的小肠异常,包括粘液层受损和细胞形态改变。研究人员发现,

寄生虫是一些令人讨厌的小东西,它们会钻入我们体内,偷走我们的营养,吸食我们的血液。然而Science杂志发表的一项最新研究表明,寄生性的肠道蠕虫能对肠道菌组成起到有益影响,帮助人体对抗炎症性肠病。


为了模拟炎症性肠病(Crohn's disease),Deepshika Ramanan及其同事构建了缺乏基因Nod2的小鼠。这些小鼠会出现明显的小肠异常,包括粘液层受损和细胞形态改变。研究人员发现,小鼠的这些变化促进了肠道菌Bacteroides vulgatus的生长和繁殖。

令人惊讶的是,如果Nod2缺陷型小鼠受到鼠鞭虫(Trichuris muris)感染,它们小肠的粘液层和细胞形态就可以恢复正常。进一步研究表明,这种寄生虫能通过免疫信号分子IL-4和IL-13对Bacteroidales进行抑制。研究人员在研究另一种肠道蠕虫的时候也看到类似的现象。他们在小鼠感染过程中监控其肠道菌群,发现这种寄生蠕虫会在牺牲B. vulgatus的同时帮助另一种细菌Clostridiales生长。

事实上,在肠道蠕虫感染的重灾区炎症性肠病的确比较少见。Ramanan等人研究了肠道蠕虫感染率非常高的马来西亚土著,在驱虫治疗前后收集他们的粪便样本。研究显示,驱虫使肠道菌组成发生了显著改变,Clostridiales减少得最多,而Bacteroidales大大增加。

其它有关寄生虫相关研究:

Science杂志此前发表的一项研究指出,某些肠道寄生虫能够提高女性生育孩子的数量。研究人员对生活在亚马逊热带雨林中的人展开了研究。他们发现蛔虫有利于生育,可以缩短妊娠间隔时间,降低女性第一次生育的年龄。与未感染蛔虫的女性相比,感染蛔虫的女性平均多生两个孩子。研究指出,蛔虫可能通过调整免疫系统减少炎症,由此帮助受孕和胚胎植入子宫。(更多信息请参见:Science:震惊!有些寄生虫感染可提高女性受孕率!

当然并不是所有寄生虫都对人体有好处。《新英格兰医学杂志》曾经发表了一个异乎寻常的病例:在一位受到感染的哥伦比亚男子体内,绦虫(tapeworm)留下了一些恶性细胞,这些细胞像一种侵袭性癌症那样扩散。(更多信息请参见:NEJM:绦虫癌细胞可传染给人并使人患癌症

疟原虫入侵红细胞之后,会利用宿主细胞的膜为自己建立一个保护性隔间。这种寄生虫需要劫持红细胞以获得营养并排出废物。为此,它们启动了一系列程序最终将红细胞转变为自己的安乐窝。 华盛顿大学的一项研究表明,负责上述任务的蛋白必须跨越小隔间上的一个孔道才能进入红细胞。科学家们在体外培养的细胞中阻断了这一过程,结果使疟原虫停止生长并死亡。这一研究成果以两篇论文的形式发表在Nature杂志上。(更多信息请参见:Nature:防疟新途径,“饿死”疟原虫

揭示了疟原虫如何入侵其最初目标器官——肝脏——的细节。如果不感染肝脏,疟原虫则无法繁殖或扩散到血液。血液感染会导致疾病、传播并最终死亡。Science:疟原虫感染宿主——与肝细胞的相互作用 

原始出处:

Ramanan D, Bowcutt R, Lee SC, Tang MS, Kurtz ZD, Ding Y, Honda K, Gause WC, Blaser MJ, Bonneau RA, Lim YA, Loke P, Cadwell K. Helminth infection promotes colonization resistance via type 2 immunity. Science. 2016 Apr 14. pii: aaf3229

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    2016-04-19 李继凯

    文章不错

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    2016-04-19 jichang
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    2016-04-17 壹生

    伴随着人类社会的发展

    0

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    2016-04-17 lovetcm

    一物降一物

    0

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    2016-04-17 醉清风

    充分说明了事物的两面性

    0

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