Ann Onco:一网打尽—结直肠癌的HER2靶向治疗

2018-04-22 Juju 肿瘤资讯

转移性结肠直肠癌(CRC)中存在一个由HER2的扩增或突变驱动的亚组(约5%)。本文综述了HER2作为CRC预后因子、抗EGFR治疗不良预后的预测因子、CRC有效治疗靶点的研究现状,并对CRC中HER2的检测方法进行了讨论。

转移性结肠直肠癌(CRC)中存在一个由HER2的扩增或突变驱动的亚组(约5%)。本文综述了HER2作为CRC预后因子、抗EGFR治疗不良预后的预测因子、CRC有效治疗靶点的研究现状,并对CRC中HER2的检测方法进行了讨论。

背景

 人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)是EGFR家族的成员之一。HER2过度表达或扩增在乳腺癌患者的发生率为13%-20%,胃癌为7%-34%,肺癌约为1.9%-14.3%。 在CRC中也报道了不同比例的HER2过表达。很多因素可能会导致发生比例的不同,包括小样本研究,用于免疫组化(IHC)的抗体不同,CRC病理组织具有异质性和应用不同的评分系统等。最近的研究一致表明HER2过表达约占所有CRC的2%,在III、IV 期KRAS野生型患者中约5%。

尽管HER2作为CRC预后的生物标记物作用仍不明确,但科学家已将目光聚焦于其作为治疗靶点的疗效上。本综述主要就HER2作为CRC预后因子、抗EGFR治疗不良预后的预测因子、针对CRC患者的HER2检测方法进行总结,并讨论与总结了目前支持HER2作为CRC新型治疗靶点的临床数据。

尽管IHC和原位荧光杂交(FISH)技术已常规用于乳腺癌和胃癌,但还未被规范化用于评估CRC中的HER2过表达/扩增。Valtorta及其同事通过HERRACLES临床II期试验明确了IHC / FISH方法检测HER2阳性的具体标准,并准确筛选出了HER2阳性,KRAS野生型的转移性结直肠癌(mCRC)。HERACLES诊断标准将HER2阳性定义为≥50%细胞IHC HER2 3+或2+,同时FISH阳性(HER2:CEP17≥2),这一诊断标准比HER2在乳腺癌和胃癌中的阳性诊断标准更为严格。

同时,CRC中的HER2扩增也可使用分子技术如第二代测序(NGS)进行检测,检出率为1.8%-22.0%。对大样本量的CRC患者进行NGS测序,IHC和FISH检测, HER2过表达率为1.8%(81/4110患者),其中HER2蛋白表达与基因之间具有97%的一致性,表明NGS可用于检测HER2阳性CRC。血液液体活检最近也开始应用于mCRC ,Takegawa和他的同事分析了18例西妥昔单抗耐药的mCRC患者的循环肿瘤DNA(ctDNA),其中4例(22%)被检出为HER2阳性。在不久的将来,使用NGS进行分子检测可能取代IHC。尽管NGS更昂贵,但它能更广泛的捕获基因组异常并对基因拷贝数进行定量分析。

HER2在结直肠癌中的分布及预后作用

左半与右半结肠直癌由于其不同的胚胎起源,在流行病学,病理学,突变和表现上均有所不同。一些研究报道了HER2扩增在不同部位有所差异(表1)。对PETACC-3临床试验的CRC患者进行基因表达分析和DNA拷贝数检测,发现远端癌(脾曲,降结肠,直肠)较近端癌(盲肠,上行,肝曲,横结肠)具有更多HER2或EGFR扩增。但对此结论仍存在很大的争议。同时,也有研究报道了HER2阳性表达与KRAS/RAS突变相关联。



表1:HER2扩增在不同部位有所差异

 HER2在CRC中的预后作用仍不确定。在一项入组1645例I-IV期CRC患者的大样本队列研究中,26例(1.6%)HER2阳性患者较HER2阴性的患者OS更短。 在PETACC-8研究中,HER2也是III期患者的不良预后因子。66名(3.9%)患者存在HER2突变,其突变状态与复发时间较短有关(HR:1.9,95%CI 1.1-3.2; P = 0.03),且具有更短的OS(HR 1.7,95%CI 0.9-3.2;P = 0.045)。根据现有的数据,可以推测HER2是CRC的不良预后因子。

HER2作为CRC靶向EGFR治疗不良预后的预测因子

结直肠癌存在分子异质性,部分试验已得出了HER2扩增状态可作为抗EGFR治疗不良预后的预测因子这一结论。Yonesaka等人评估了233例接受西妥昔单抗治疗患者的HER2扩增状况,发现在HER2扩增患者中,PFS和OS几乎减半(P = 0.0013)。表2汇总了EGFR靶向治疗CRC相关临床试验的HER2扩增状况及其与治疗结局、EGFR抵抗的关联性。这可能与HER2激活导致部分EGFR独立不与抗体结合有关;从临床角度来看,这一观点可能会影响治疗顺序的选择。但由于目前的数据均是回顾性的,仍需要在西妥昔单抗或帕尼单抗靶向治疗的前瞻性临床研究中进行验证。



表2:HER2对抗EGFR靶向治疗mCRC的预测作用研究汇总

HER2作为CRC新的治疗靶点

靶向HER2治疗CRC已被研究多年,但多为小型研究,结果也有所不同。一项一线或二线使用曲妥珠单抗联合伊立替康的II期临床研究中, 11/138(8.0%)患者HER2过表达,其中5名患者HER2 2+,6名患者中HER2 3+。在7名可评估患者中,5例出现了PR(71%),其中4例PR维持时间≥6周,中位生存时间为14个月。表中许多研究结果没有看到明显治疗获益,可能与研究设计、联合化疗等相关。

科学家通过临床前PDX模型研究看到了西妥昔单抗联合拉帕替尼对治疗HER2扩增的mCRC有一定疗效,基于此进行了HERACLES研究。近期,HERACLES-A II期临床试验结果显示对KRAS野生型HER2阳性的mCRC患者,给予双靶向治疗(曲妥珠单抗加拉帕替尼),截至2017年2月28日,观察到了2例CR(6.1%),8例PR(24.2%),总体的反应率(ORR)为30.3%。HER2基因拷贝数≥9.6的患者较拷贝数<9.6的患者有更长的PFS(中位:26.6周比13.4周; P = 0.0001)和更长的OS(中位:53.1周比34.0周; P = 0.0058)。且双靶向治疗耐受良好,没有观察到4/5级不良事件。基于此,科学家还对其他以抗HER2为基础的双靶向联合方案进行了探索,也取得了明显的临床获益。

讨论与总结

HER2扩增是mCRC的临床预后因子,可用已有的诊断工具进行筛查,在KRAS野生型mCRC患者中发生率约5%,并可作为抗EGFR治疗不良预后的预测因子。在临床应用上,HER2的检测与治疗仍面临着许多挑战,如HER2突变是否可以作为mCRC的治疗靶点,HER2靶向治疗耐药的原因,HER2检测的时间及在mCRC治疗中的顺序等均有待进一步研究。

相较BRAF靶向治疗和免疫治疗,HER2靶向治疗似乎有着更好的疗效。与BRAF靶向治疗报导的16-21%ORR,中位PFS 4.2个月相比,抗HER2治疗拥有更高的ORR(30%-38%)和更长的中位PFS(5.2个月),且毒性更低。尽管目前仍缺乏HER2靶向治疗mCRC的III期临床试验证据,但根据其生物学原理、目前临床数据报导优于其他精准治疗且具有一致性这些特点, HER2靶向药物有希望被加速批准用于mCRC的临床治疗。

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    2018-04-29 沙漠浪人

    努力抗癌

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    2018-04-24 三生有幸9135

    学习一下谢谢分享

    0

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=310362, encodeId=4daa3103622a, content=努力抗癌, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTJUlbw1Mf1vppicGcaWPx1YUOgLgKccao77Rykbx3jiazqzwcyXMdzRIZkhFyBPqknibeuOGhXI1VzVg/0, createdBy=7f162154630, createdName=沙漠浪人, createdTime=Sun Apr 29 09:43:21 CST 2018, time=2018-04-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308888, encodeId=47a6308888db, content=学习一下谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzaiabIFicf63hKvVMjL6aJlx4yX4UcXmzX9DyibCRcicq0QtCRWMaQKh8MYjE1D3EKUBopgiaGWYuqbeR/0, createdBy=0c2b1999806, createdName=三生有幸9135, createdTime=Tue Apr 24 17:15:38 CST 2018, time=2018-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1453105, encodeId=a04114531058f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=098ee8679ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#结直肠#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=78679, encryptionId=098ee8679ad, topicName=结直肠)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=/v1.0.0/img/user_icon.png, createdBy=9ace5575596, createdName=crystal0564, createdTime=Tue Apr 24 13:05:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308487, encodeId=c7d830848e60, content=了解一下谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=71, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTLbTp9nZtjwVrSZNxAXbAicnKQWnic2eBdJUQYhxO36XdkstSicr7FVF8p5ReH4omtmsbnLdvZLiaJJ1A/132, createdBy=8bff2327056, createdName=kafei, createdTime=Mon Apr 23 10:25:43 CST 2018, time=2018-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308338, encodeId=562330833834, content=学习了很有用不错, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=2, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib3IzoRn621JdKCFUI4XvNELcibocrAVU6aUzEVDSaf3rYH08PUYUiagGqxAEhj8g9WqqNvD1CupIpCrmnR2OrqHZh/0, createdBy=7f181365728, createdName=飛歌, createdTime=Mon Apr 23 00:20:12 CST 2018, time=2018-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308310, encodeId=619c3083109f, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Sun Apr 22 22:23:14 CST 2018, time=2018-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-23 kafei

    了解一下谢谢

    0

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    2018-04-23 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

    0

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    2018-04-22 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

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