重症脑损伤患者镇痛镇静有了专家共识

2013-08-12 匡远深 健康报

镇痛镇静治疗对重症脑损伤患者有何作用?重症脑损伤在镇痛镇静治疗过程中如何监测?低温治疗如何选择镇痛镇静药物?日前,中国医师协会神经外科医师分会神经重症专家委员会发布“重症脑损伤患者镇痛镇静专家共识”,为这些问题给出了专业的指导方案。 我国每年约有60万名重症颅脑损伤病人,死亡约10万人。以往颅脑损伤临床救治没有标准,多凭医生经验用药,治疗上存在很大的盲目性。共识执笔人、首都医科大学附属北

镇痛镇静治疗对重症脑损伤患者有何作用?重症脑损伤在镇痛镇静治疗过程中如何监测?低温治疗如何选择镇痛镇静药物?日前,中国医师协会神经外科医师分会神经重症专家委员会发布“重症脑损伤患者镇痛镇静专家共识”,为这些问题给出了专业的指导方案。

我国每年约有60万名重症颅脑损伤病人,死亡约10万人。以往颅脑损伤临床救治没有标准,多凭医生经验用药,治疗上存在很大的盲目性。共识执笔人、首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院副院长周建新教授介绍,共识涵盖五方面问题:重症脑损伤患者镇痛镇静的目的,重症脑损伤患者在镇痛镇静治疗过程中的监测,镇痛镇静药物选择,镇痛镇静治疗在难治性高颅压中的作用及镇痛镇静药物在低温治疗中的应用。

共识认为,镇痛镇静治疗是重症脑损伤患者临床处理的重要组成部分,除了控制焦虑、躁动和疼痛,减轻应激反应,提高机械通气的协调性,减轻医疗护理操作对患者造成的伤害性刺激外,更重要的是发挥脑保护作用,维持脑氧供需平衡,提高患者舒适度和预后效果。

共识指出,重症脑损伤患者应用镇静剂前,应首先控制疼痛、纠正生理学异常(如低氧血症、低血压和低血糖等)。当以控制躁动为主要目的时,应定时监测镇静程度,宜维持较浅的镇静深度。同时,应建立定时和及时意识评估。某些情况下,躁动是颅内压升高的初期表现,若不加以排除地应用镇静药物,可能掩盖颅内病情变化,延误治疗时机。镇静深度监测在危重患者中的重要性已获得广泛认同,将患者维持于较浅的镇静深度是最新共识的特点。

在药物选择上,共识提出了应遵循的两个基本原则:对中枢神经系统无附加损害;药物作用能够快速消除。镇痛镇静药物常用于低温治疗过程中,目的在于辅助降温并预防和控制寒战。镇静药物也是控制癫痫持续状态的常用药物之一。据介绍,欧美国家在低温治疗过程中常规使用泮库溴铵和顺式阿曲库铵。而国内低温治疗多采用冬眠合剂,其优点在于降低体温调定阈值。大剂量镇静药物,尤其是巴比妥类药物,常作为其他内科和外科治疗手段无效时的挽救性治疗措施,用于难治性颅高压的控制。

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    2015-07-11 保守主义

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    2013-08-14 zhaojie88
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