问与答:H7N9禽流感病毒什么来头

2017-02-16 刘曲 新华社

去年12月起,我国人感染H7N9禽流感病例数急速上升。据国家卫计委疾病预防控制局14日发布的数据,仅今年1月,全国共报告人感染H7N9禽流感发病数192例,死亡者79人。世界卫生组织总干事陈冯富珍日前也指出,自2013年起,中国报告出现季节性人感染H7N9禽流感病例已逾1000例。

新华社北京2月15日电(记者刘曲)去年12月起,我国人感染H7N9禽流感病例数急速上升。据国家卫计委疾病预防控制局14日发布的数据,仅今年1月,全国共报告人感染H7N9禽流感发病数192例,死亡者79人。世界卫生组织总干事陈冯富珍日前也指出,自2013年起,中国报告出现季节性人感染H7N9禽流感病例已逾1000例。



与流行多年的H5N1病毒不同,这次的“主角”H7N9病毒到底有何特点?人们该如何应对?我们看看这些问题的解答。

问:H7N9禽流感病毒到底什么来头?

答:流感病毒可分为甲(A)、乙(B)、丙(C)三型。其中,甲型流感依据流感病毒血凝素蛋白(HA)的不同可分为1-16种亚型,根据病毒神经氨酸酶蛋白(NA)的不同可分为1-9种亚型。HA不同亚型可以与NA的不同亚型相互组合,形成百余种不同亚型的流感病毒,H7N9亚型禽流感病毒是其中的一种,它于2013年3月底在中国上海和安徽两地首先发现。

问:H7N9禽流感病毒与此前流行的H5N1禽流感病毒和H1N1甲型流感病毒有何异同?

答:H7N9、H5N1、H1N1都属于甲型流感病毒,但有明显区别。其中H7N9和H5N1主要在动物中传播,偶尔感染人类。据世卫组织称,H7N9在禽类中引起的症状较温和,在禽类间易于传播且难以发现,增加了人感染的风险;H5N1对禽类有高致病性;H1N1病毒则有两种类型,一种通常感染人类,另一种通常在动物间传播。

问:H7N9禽流感病毒有哪些传染源和临床表现?

答:一个重要传染源是携带H7N9禽流感病毒的禽类,在发病前10天内接触过禽类或者到过活禽市场者特别是中老年人,属于高危人群。目前传播途径主要为呼吸道传播或密切接触感染禽类的分泌物、排泄物而被感染,或通过接触病毒污染的环境感染。感染潜伏期多为7天以内,也可长达10天。

临床表现主要为肺炎,患者常出现发热、咳嗽、咳痰,可伴有头痛、肌肉酸痛、腹泻或呕吐等症状。重症患者病情发展迅速,多在发病3至7天出现重症肺炎,体温大多持续在39摄氏度以上,出现呼吸困难,可伴有咯血痰。常快速进展为急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)、脓毒性休克、多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS),甚至导致死亡。少数患者可为轻症,仅表现为发热伴上呼吸道感染症状。

问:如何预防H7N9禽流感?

答:减少与活禽接触、勤洗手、保持良好的卫生习惯对预防禽流感十分重要。到有疫情报告地区的活禽市场时,应避免直接接触活动物和动物接触过的表面;如果有家养的猪、鸡等动物,应确保儿童不要接触患病或死亡动物,还要尽量将不同种类的动物隔离开;动物患病或死亡后,应立即向当地有关部门报告;不应宰杀和食用患病或死亡动物。

问:能放心地食用鸡肉吗?



答:正常的烹调温度就能够使流感病毒灭活,只要使食物所有部分达到70摄氏度以上即可,因此吃正确制备及烹饪的肉,包括禽类和鸟类,都是安全的。在出现疫情的地区,只要肉类产品在制备过程中正确烹调和处理也可安全食用,但食用生肉和未经烹调的含血肉制品高度危险,应该避免。

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