病例:患者反复咳嗽竟然因为胃食管反流?

2019-09-27 王伯军 王伯军大夫谈消化

患者反复咳嗽、清晨喉咙有异物感2年,打嗝会有液体反流到喉咙但没感觉反酸,晚上胸闷,感觉胸口老有东西堵着,像有痰咳不出来感觉,胃口不好,看到食物就恶心、胃痛。本地医生建议做食管测压和24小时监测。该患者有必要做相关检查吗?或者有其他方法可以诊断?

病例

患者反复咳嗽、清晨喉咙有异物感2年,打嗝会有液体反流到喉咙但没感觉反酸,晚上胸闷,感觉胸口老有东西堵着,像有痰咳不出来感觉,口不好,看到食物就恶心、痛。本地医生建议做食管测压和24小时监测。该患者有必要做相关检查吗?或者有其他方法可以诊断

胃镜检查:慢性萎缩性胃炎伴糜烂,胃窦多发息肉。

幽门螺杆菌呼气试验:阳性。

分析

根据患者情况考虑:胃食管反流症、慢性糜烂性胃炎、胃多发性息肉、幽门螺杆菌感染

胃食管反流病就是胃内容物通过贲门反流到食管,引起相应的症状或和食管损伤。

胃食管反流病包括:反流性食管炎和胃食管反流症,两者症状相同,区别在于有无食管充血水肿、糜烂、溃疡等炎症表现。

其主要原因是食管和胃之间连接处的贲门肌肉一过性松弛,导致胃内容物反流至食管。其他原因还包括食管体部运动异常、食管裂孔疝、胃排空延迟等。

反流物主要是胃酸,其次是胆汁、胰液、消化酶,这些反流物可以刺激食管、咽喉部等,可引起相应部位损伤。其主要症状是烧心、反酸、胸痛、反胃,也可有吞咽困难、吞咽痛。其他不典型的症状包括上腹痛、嗳气、腹胀、上腹不适、咽部异物感等。胃食管反流还可引起食管外症状,如慢性咳嗽、哮喘和吸入性肺炎、咽喉炎等。

胃食管反流病的症状多种多样,有些患者很不典型。

患者有慢性咳嗽、反胃、咽喉异物感、晚上胸闷等,结合胃镜检查食管无异常,因此要考虑胃食管反流症,患者症状虽然不是很典型,但可以用该病解释。

当反流物进入食管下段时,可反射性引起气管痉挛,气道阻力增高,从而诱发慢性咳嗽;当反流物到达咽部可刺激咽喉部引起慢性炎症,但这两种情况反流物都没有进入口腔,因此患者没有感到反酸。反流物进入食管下段也可刺激食管,使食管痉挛,从而可引起胸骨后不适,其典型症状是胸痛,但有些人症状不典型,只表现为一种不适感。

晚间睡眠期间,因为平躺,反流物失去了重力下向引流作用,又夜间唾液减少,迷走神经兴奋,气道阻力增高,因此夜间症状可能会更重些。

但胃食管反流症发病原因不仅仅只是胃内容物反流刺激食管,还存在另外一个很重要的原因——食管黏膜敏感性增高,即有少量酸或胆汁刺激食管,患者就会发生明显不适症状。

食管敏感性增高,属于内脏高敏状态,主要由心理因素、情绪不良等引起,因此治疗胃食管反流症时调节患者情绪,降低内脏敏感性就相当重要了。

从患者症状来看确实要考虑胃食管反流症,但要明确诊断只有做24小时食管酸、胆汁测定和食管压力测定。做这检查的管子并没有明显不适,患者犹豫主要是心理因素。

根据患者的胃镜检查结果,胃炎症糜烂也很明显,胃多发息肉表面发红也是炎症关系,患者幽门螺杆菌感染是引起胃部炎症的主要原因。长期胃部慢性炎症,可进展为萎缩性胃炎,根据胃镜描述和图片确实有萎缩存在,但萎缩确诊要靠活检病理诊断,但患者并没有做活检病理检查。

建议

1. 做24小时食管酸、胆汁测定和食管压力测定,以明确诊断。做喉镜检查明确咽喉部的情况。

2. 根除幽门螺杆菌。若患者已服过药,也应该用呼气试验复查一次,但复查前至少停胃药一周。

3. 患者多发胃息肉,还是建议进行胃镜下切除。

4. 用药参考:

艾司奥美拉唑片20mg早上饭前,晚上睡前口服,每日2次。莫沙比利片5mg每日3次饭前半小时口服。铝碳酸镁片2粒每日3次饭后2小时嚼啐口服。以抑酸、护胃、促胃动力治疗。

美利曲辛片早饭前半小时口服每日一次。劳拉西泮半粒(每粒0.5mg)早、中饭前半小时口服,睡前20分钟1粒口服。以降低内脏敏感性,镇静治疗。

5. 睡前3小时禁食,不要吃甜食,进食易消化、无刺激性食物,汤水要少喝,分次喝。

服药2周,再根据病情来调整药物剂量和种类,2周必须调整,切记!

随访

患者已做过喉镜检查,诊断为鼻炎和慢性咽炎、滤泡增生。胃食管反流会对身体造成怎样的危害?还有多发性胃息肉要不要治疗?

若患者有鼻炎,且鼻塞严重,可引起后鼻孔滴液,就是鼻涕流到咽喉部,也会引起咽反流,这也可以引起咽喉部异物感,这除了用这些药外,只有五官科解决了。

胃食管反流症若引起食管外症状,如慢性咳嗽、误吸入气管,就会对气管肺产生危害,可诱发哮喘、肺纤维化、间质性肺炎等等,对食管本身时间长了也会引起糜烂、慢性炎症,使食管癌发生可能增高,但最主要的危害就是降低生活质量。

胃息肉,从患者胃镜表现来看,以炎症性息肉可能为大,现在也比较小,因此可以暂缓胃镜下治疗。但少数炎症性息肉也会发生腺瘤样改变和异型增生,会有一定的癌变率;而且是炎症性息肉还是腺瘤,胃镜下表现不能完全确诊,而以摘除后病理检查为准,腺瘤性息肉癌变几率就很高了。因此,还是以摘除为好。

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    2019-09-29 zhouqu_8
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    2019-09-29 feifers
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    2019-09-28 thm112988

    0

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