中晚期癌症患者出现呼吸困难 如何应对?

2016-08-07 小羊 肿瘤时间

中晚期癌症患者常出现呼吸困难的症状,包括躯体、心理、社会、精神层面上的。「总呼吸困难」这个概念体现了它的复杂性,多学科协助来应对癌症患者的呼吸困难至关重要。本篇介绍了癌症中晚期患者呼吸困难的评估、治疗和管理。低氧血症、呼吸频率、端坐呼吸这些可以评估患者的呼吸状态,却无法体现患者的呼吸不适的强度。由于呼吸困难完全是患者的主观感知,因而最有效的评估工具是患者主诉,当然前提是患者或其家属沟通能力没有问题

中晚期癌症患者常出现呼吸困难的症状,包括躯体、心理、社会、精神层面上的。「总呼吸困难」这个概念体现了它的复杂性,多学科协助来应对癌症患者的呼吸困难至关重要。本篇介绍了癌症中晚期患者呼吸困难的评估、治疗和管理。


低氧血症、呼吸频率、端坐呼吸这些可以评估患者的呼吸状态,却无法体现患者的呼吸不适的强度。由于呼吸困难完全是患者的主观感知,因而最有效的评估工具是患者主诉,当然前提是患者或其家属沟通能力没有问题。


临床上需要鉴别呼吸困难的持续性、偶发性、突破性、危急性,评估呼吸困难的发病时机、恶化和缓解因素,从而调整治疗方案。同时,心理社会方面和环境因素不能被忽略,因为呼吸困难常导致严重焦虑,而严重焦虑也会使呼吸困难恶化。


对症治疗


一般情况下,除紧急状况(急性窒息),进行对症治疗。治疗方案与患者充分沟通,做好与患者体能状态和治疗方案相符的体格检查和检查(全血细胞计数、电解质、肌酐、血氧饱和度和血气分析、心电图、脑钠肽或胸部 X 线和 CT 平扫)。


非药物治疗


关于非药物干预,虽然目前没有明确的证据,但临床上达成共识。非药物干预应该在药物干预之前进行,并且要一直持续。


1. 放松练习


包括教育患者及其家属学习改善症状:如心理训练(放松)、冷却面部、开窗、使用小型呼吸机、适当的体位(上半身抬高)、呼吸训练如何使用助行架或学步车,掌握这些这有助于减少无助和焦虑、控制好情绪预防恐惧性呼吸困难。


2. 氧疗


考虑到氧疗是一种需要管道和氧箱的侵入性干预,有致鼻出血的风险,而且患者可能形成心理成瘾,因而不常规使用。当患者有低氧血症时可使用,当患者因呼吸困难而感到无助和焦虑时可在体力劳动或进食之前短期使用。如患者有慢阻肺并发低氧血症,且之前有过氧疗可通过文丘里面罩吸氧缓解症状。


药物治疗


1. 阿片类药物


阿片类药物是唯一有足够证据表明可缓解呼吸困难的药物,通过心脏-呼吸系统以及中枢神经系统等不同部位的阿片类受体来介导。


阿片类药物既可用于未使用过阿片类药物的患者,又可用于阿片类药物耐受的患者,且又不引起相关的呼吸抑制、氧合受损 CO2 浓度增加,还有证据表明,阿片类药物能减少呼吸困难的不愉快感。


然而,它也可引起众所周知的副作用:恶心和持续性便秘


吗啡应避免用于严重肾功能不全的患者,所有 µ-阿片类药物通过肾脏代谢,需要根据肾功能调整两次给药的间隔。对于未使用过阿片类药物的患者,缓解呼吸困难的起始剂量应小于用于缓解疼痛的剂量。相反地,用阿片类药物镇痛的患者剂量需要增加 25%~50% 。


吗啡:初始剂量:2.5~5 mg/4h 口服或 1~2.5 mg/4 h 皮下注射,维持剂量为常规剂量+1/6 日常量

二氢吗啡酮:1.3 mg/4h 口服或 0.2~0. 5 mg/4h 皮下注射,维持剂量为常规剂量+1/6 日常量


口服/直肠用阿片类药物可用于滴定再改为持久的制剂。皮下和静脉应用阿片类药物均有效,静脉注射形式起效最快。无证据表明雾化或吸入的阿片类药物的有效性。


2. 苯二氮卓类药物


苯二氮卓类药物可用于对阿片类药物无反应或反应不佳的情况,用于减轻患者的呼吸困难的不适感,尤其适用于焦虑症的患者。可单独或与阿片类药物联合使用。用药应该考虑到其放松肌肉和潜在的加剧呼吸困难的风险,尤其是患者有恶病质和肌肉衰弱的情况。


对于晚期以及濒死的患者,劳拉西泮和咪达唑仑是最常用的药物。


劳拉西泮:0.5~1.0 mg/6~8h 口服或皮下注射

咪达唑仑:2.5~5 mg/4h 皮下注射、10~30 mg/24h 皮下注射


3. 其他药物


安定剂:如吩噻嗪类,可用作抗焦虑药和镇静剂,但尚缺乏已知的证据,不推荐使用。


抗抑郁药和丁螺环酮可提高情绪,被认为具有一定的抗呼吸困难的作用,但尚未得到证实。


类固醇仅常规用于由癌性淋巴管疾病、放射性肺炎、上腔静脉阻塞综合征、炎性成分或癌症所致气道阻塞等引起的呼吸困难。


4. 濒死患者的呼吸困难


呼吸困难可能是濒死患者最常见的、也许是最痛苦的症状之一,处理该症状的基本原理同前所述,然而,如果治疗无效,人为关怀和换位思考,此时的治疗重点应为镇静药物治疗(包括终末期苯二氮卓类药物联合阿片类药物)。

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    继续关注

    0

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    2016-08-08 忠诚向上

    应好好学习

    0

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    2016-08-08 Guoxj3234

    学习起来

    0

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