Nat Commun:科学家发现寨卡病毒传播新途径

2019-03-26 任芳言 科学网

一直以来,科学家都在寻找寨卡病毒疫情暴发的罪魁祸首。3月22日,清华大学医学院教授程功及北京师范大学全球变化与地球系统科学研究院研究员田怀玉等人在《自然—通讯》发表研究,发现在病毒污染水体中孵化的蚊子,可直接感染寨卡病毒。

一直以来,科学家都在寻找寨卡病毒疫情暴发的罪魁祸首。3月22日,清华大学医学院教授程功及北京师范大学全球变化与地球系统科学研究院研究员田怀玉等人在《自然—通讯》发表研究,发现在病毒污染水体中孵化的蚊子,可直接感染寨卡病毒。
 
“这一途径让病毒传播周期大大缩短,可导致寨卡病毒在自然界中快速流行。”程功对《中国科学报》表示。
 
异常迅速的病毒扩散
 
世界卫生组织数据显示,目前全球已有86个国家和地区暴发寨卡疫情。对大部分成年人而言,感染寨卡病毒后可能会出现发热、头痛、肌无力等情况;但孕妇感染寨卡病毒后,可能会造成新生儿小头畸形。
 
而且,这种病毒目前“无药可解”——有效的抗病毒药物及疫苗尚未被研发。
 
寨卡病毒经由埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊传播。2015年,寨卡病毒在南美洲暴发,并迅速蔓延至全球数十个国家和地区。2016年寨卡病毒疫情上升为全球紧急公共卫生事件。
 
从前默默无闻的寨卡病毒何以在短期内迅速扩散?
 
程功告诉《中国科学报》,寨卡病毒的暴发流行可能由多种因素导致,比如病毒位点发生突变导致病毒感染能力增强等。
 
不过,按经典的病毒传播路径,人体感染病毒大约需要一到两周时间,在这一窗口期若有蚊子叮咬,蚊子感染并拥有传播病毒的能力,也至少需要两周。整个病毒传播和循环的周期较长且复杂。
 
流行病学调查显示,感染者血液中会含有一定的寨卡病毒,但单位血液中活病毒颗粒数含量较低,约为102-103pfu/ml。如果通过叮咬途径,仅有少量蚊虫能从感染者获取病毒,因此经典途径难于在短时间内让疫情急剧扩散。病毒扩散异常迅速可能另有原因。
 
水中滚雪球
 
研究者将目光转移到了病毒携带者的尿液上。先前研究表明,寨卡病毒可随尿液排出体外,病毒颗粒数量约为10-20 pfu/ml,和血液中的病毒量相比更低,但威力也更大。
 
会飞之前,蚊子从卵到幼虫再到蛹的几个成长阶段都发生在水中。程功等人通过实验发现,即便寨卡病毒携带者的尿液中仅存在少量病毒颗粒,也可以成功让蚊子的幼虫被感染。
 
这导致寨卡病毒的传播效率大大提高——从人体血液中感染病毒的过程被省略,蚊子可在幼虫时期从被污染的水体中获取病毒,并在成年后通过叮咬继续传播。
 
而这一过程中,“水体污染不是一次性的,带有病毒的尿液会持续性地排放到水中。”程功表示。按每2-3小时排放一次、一日1-2升的排放量计算,水体中病毒活性一直存在,蚊子幼虫感染病毒的几率大大提升。
 
如此一来,新的传播途径让病毒感染的“雪球”越滚越大。寨卡病毒在某区域集中暴发,集中水体被感染者尿液持续污染,即便水体中仅有少部分蚊子感染,病毒的扩散周期也会被迅速缩小。
 
中国疾控中心病毒病预防控制所脑炎室主任王环宇告诉《中国科学报》:“以往研究认为,伊蚊更多地是在相对清洁的小水体中进行繁衍。但是越来越多证据表明,伊蚊已经进化出在污水中的生存能力,程功等人的研究发现让人们有了新的认识。”
 
防控新思路
 
研究还发现,随尿液排出体外的寨卡病毒,活性可维持几小时至十余小时不等。是什么因素决定了病毒的稳定性?
 
答案是酸碱性。若感染者排出尿液的pH值低于6.5,病毒就会丧失活性。因此通过控制水体的酸碱程度,就能有效遏制病毒感染蚊子幼虫。
 
“缺乏污水处理的公共卫生环境会对蚊虫滋生及寨卡病毒的传播创造条件。为避免寨卡病毒及其他蚊媒病毒暴发,我们建议,除了疫苗、杀虫剂等防护措施,还应建立有效的污水处理系统。”程功指出。
 
此外,对于未发生大规模疫情暴发的地区,研究建议,当发现有个别外来感染者出现时,就可以采取相应措施进行预防。“比如在污水中加入盐酸,降低污水pH值,防止蚊虫在水中感染。”程功表示。
 
王环宇指出,这样的防控方式通过调整水体酸碱程度,在不大量使用化学试剂、不污染环境的情况下,就能达到消灭病原体的效果。“可操作性非常强”。
 
“这项研究具有关键的公共卫生意义”,首都医科大学传染病学研究所教授曾辉告诉《中国科学报》,“今后针对寨卡病毒进行防控时,可以通过加强污水处理等方式,达到更好的防控效果。”
 
曾辉还表示,寨卡病毒出现新的传播路径可能不是孤立现象。“我们近期针对黄热病及裂谷热等蚊媒疾病的研究,在感染者尿液中也检测到了活性蚊媒病毒。我们今后可以在此基础上展开合作,进一步探明蚊媒病毒的传染机制,提供更好的公共卫生防控策略”。曾辉说。

原始出处:

Senyan Du, Yang Liu, Jianying Liu, et.al. Aedes mosquitoes acquire and transmit Zika virus by breeding in contaminated aquatic environments. Nature Communications 22 March 2019

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    2019-05-24 liye789132251
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    2019-04-03 liuli5079
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    2019-03-26 王秀

    学习了,涨知识了!

    0

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2017年5月5日,国际顶尖学术期刊《Science》旗下《 Science Translational Medicine》杂志上在线发表了美国科罗拉多州立大学Joel Rovnak研究员的一篇研究论文,论文报道了一种快速、高灵敏且便宜的新型检测工具,不仅能直接检测到蚊子体内和人体体液中的寨卡病毒,还能区分寨卡病毒的非洲株和亚洲株,可更有效地追踪寨卡病毒的传播。

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众所周知,怀孕期间,寨卡病毒(Zika)对孕妇的感染也会对胎儿造成破坏性的后果,包括了子宫内生长受限,小头畸形等。为了开发新的寨卡病毒感染的治疗手段,我们需要更好地了解寨卡病毒母婴传播的机制。

美国一实验室 误验寨卡样本

因为化验方法出错,美国哥伦比亚特区公共卫生实验室去年下半年所检验的数百份寨卡病毒样本均为“阴性”。

《Cell Stem Cell》公布年度更佳论文 多篇中国学者成果上榜

近期《Cell Stem Cell》公布了2016年度最佳论文,其中包括两篇综述,九篇研究论文。在研究论文中,有多篇关于寨卡病毒,以及CRISPR技术研究成果。