心血管外科手术围手术期血液管理——抗纤溶治疗指南七大要点

2016-12-26 卢芳 临床麻醉学杂志, 2016, 32:

近期,为了能更好实施心血管手术中血液保护,减少术中出血,规范抗纤溶治疗,中国心胸血管麻醉学会发布了《心血管外科手术围手术期血液管理——抗纤溶治疗指南(2016版)》。要点如下: 1. 术前要评估出血和输血风险。患者年龄≥70岁、术前红细胞减少(包括低体重和/或术前贫血)、急诊或复杂手术(二次手术、主动脉手术、尤其是预计体外循环时间),为出血和血制品输入独立危险因素。 

近期,为了能更好实施心血管手术中血液保护,减少术中出血,规范抗纤溶治疗,中国心胸血管麻醉学会发布了《心血管外科手术围手术期血液管理——抗纤溶治疗指南(2016版)》。要点如下:

 

1. 术前要评估出血和输血风险。患者年龄≥70岁、术前红细胞减少(包括低体重和/或术前贫血)、急诊或复杂手术(二次手术、主动脉手术、尤其是预计体外循环时间),为出血和血制品输入独立危险因素。

 

2. 术前应尽量纠正贫血和凝血功能异常,除急诊手术外,术前停用抗血栓和抗血小板药物。必要时考虑血栓弹力图等血小板功能检查。

 

3. 浓缩红细胞输注标准:

 

1体外循环中血红蛋白<7 g/dl

 

2虽然体外循环中血红蛋白<7 g/dl,但预计经过超滤,停机时血红蛋白可能>8 g/dl,则体外循环中不输入红细胞;

 

3输入机器余血和洗涤红细胞后,血红蛋白仍然<8 g/dl,高龄、大血管手术血红蛋白<9 g/dl

 

4非体外循环手术,术中血红蛋白<8 g/dl,高龄、大血管手术血红蛋白<9 g/dl

 

5血红蛋白虽已达到上述标准,但混合静脉血氧饱和度低于正常,排除其它因素(氧耗增加、心排血量低、组织灌注不足等)后可输入一定量的红细胞。

 

4. 新鲜冰冻血浆输注标准:

 

1PT1.5倍正常值(INR1.6),APTT2倍正常值,伴手术创面弥漫渗血;

 

2大量输入库血(出血量或输血量相当于自身血容量,约70 ml/Kg);

 

3血液回收成品血量>2000 ml

 

4先天性或获得性凝血功能障碍;

 

5血栓弹力图检查明确提示凝血因子缺乏;

 

6紧急逆转华法林的抗凝血作用;

 

7抗凝血酶缺乏引起的肝素耐药。

 

5. 血小板输注标准:

 

1血小板计数<50×109/L;

 

2二次手术、主动脉手术、心脏移植、体外循环时间长(>6 h)及大量输入库血;

 

3血栓弹力图检查明确提示血小板功能低下。

 

6. 对于氨甲环酸,推荐负荷量加维持量的给药方式,负荷量在麻醉诱导后、外科切皮前不少于20 min 泵注,随后维持量在手术过程中持续泵注。以个体化医疗的原则,根据患者的出血风险评估,采用如下剂量:

 

1大剂量:出血高风险,负荷量30 mg/kg,维持量20 mg·kg-1·h-1

 

2中等剂量:出血中风险,负荷量20 mg/kg,维持量15 mg·kg-1·h-1

 

3小剂量:出血低风险,负荷量10 mg/kg,维持量10 mg·kg-1·h-1

 

在全部外科手术过程中,氨甲环酸的总量应该控制如下:非体外循环手术,20~30 mg/kg;一般体外循环手术,80~100 mg/kg;二次手术、大血管手术和心脏移植手术,100~150 mg/kg

 

7. 小儿心血管手术,仍缺乏氨甲环酸理想剂量的循证医学证据,实践中,需要根据患儿出血风险、拟施手术类型、临床中心的实践经验等合理制定氨甲环酸的使用剂量。

 

来源:中国心胸血管麻醉学会心血管外科手术围术期血液管理—抗纤溶治疗指南(2016版).


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    2017-01-02 jihuaijun1112

    不错。。。。

    0

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