心内科会诊难题:抗凝时出现脑出血,该怎么办?

2018-12-25 文烈心 医学界心血管频道

抗凝治疗的主要并发症是出血,其中尤以脑出血最为棘手。而脑出血发生后,病人一般会被收治入神经科,此时,心内科医生常常会收到会诊:是否继续抗凝?何时恢复抗凝?抗凝强度是否调整?

抗凝治疗的主要并发症是出血,其中尤以脑出血最为棘手。而脑出血发生后,病人一般会被收治入神经科,此时,心内科医生常常会收到会诊:是否继续抗凝?何时恢复抗凝?抗凝强度是否调整?

那么,这些问题该怎么解决呢?且看本文慢慢道来~(目前长期抗凝的主要药物仍然是华法林,本文仅讨论华法林抗凝合并脑出血的情况。)

第一,是否继续抗凝?

抗凝治疗的主要适应证是房颤、心脏机械瓣膜植入、静脉血栓栓塞症。

显然,机械瓣膜植入后必须进行终身抗凝治疗,终止抗凝时间越久,血栓栓塞风险显着上升。而且除了华法林以外,用其他抗凝药替代都无依据,故只能恢复华法林抗凝。

房颤和静脉血栓栓塞症,其抗凝和出血的利弊就需要权衡了,毕竟对于这两个适应证,其很大程度上是减少栓塞风险。虽然,继续抗凝在医学上可能对于患方是存在获益的,但抗凝需要患方长期坚持和配合,并承受一定程度的再出血风险,这也是需要跟患方做好沟通的。

另外,需要交代替代方案。

左心耳封堵术或者左心耳切除术,目前虽然存在争议及循证医学依据尚不够充分,但一般认为至少具有部分替代抗凝治疗的效用;

房颤射频消融术后即使转复窦性心律了是否可以终止抗凝虽然也存疑;

新型口服抗凝药虽然较贵但服药更为便利。

以上替代方案都可以作为选择。此外,对于存在抗凝禁忌的静脉血栓栓塞症,可以考虑植入下腔静脉滤器,以达到减少致死性肺栓塞的目的,但长期留置的滤器,其并发症也不容忽视。

总之,是否继续抗凝,要做好知情同意,利弊和替代方案都要告知患者。毕竟不管是抗凝出血和终止抗凝后的血栓栓塞都可以成为医疗纠纷导火索。

第二,何时恢复抗凝?

虽然原则上,出血停止、再出血风险较低时可以恢复抗凝。

但具体个案决策时,判断还是存在相当挑战性,需要明确脑出血的病因和相关的治疗。如颅内动脉瘤破裂导致的蛛网膜下腔出血,是否适合行介入栓塞或外科夹闭?外伤导致的脑出血,目前伤情是否稳定?或脑外科手术后,术野出血是否停止?这些情况需要神经科同仁的准确判断。

近日,德国发表了一项研究,共纳入22个三级医疗中心收治的2504例口服抗凝药相关的颅内出血病例,其中具有心脏机械瓣膜的有137例。研究期间,仅48%的病例恢复抗凝,且在恢复抗凝50天内,15%患者出现再出血、5%患者出血血栓栓塞事件。

结果发现,恢复抗凝组其血栓栓塞事件较终止抗凝组明显下降(10% vs 2%),但出血事件显着增多(6% vs 26%)。另一个重要发现是,在脑出血发生14天内恢复抗凝者,其再出血风险显着高于中断抗凝14天以上者,所以该研究认为,恢复抗凝尽量延迟到14天以后。

第三,抗凝强度是否需调整?

目前,一般将国际标准化比值(INR):2-3作为房颤和静脉血栓栓塞症的抗凝目标区间。

而机械瓣植入的抗凝目标值,国内仍存在较大争议,但一般认为国人的抗凝强度可以较欧美推荐值低。

对于单纯二尖瓣置换者INR:1.8-2.5;

单纯主动脉瓣置换者INR:1.5-2.0,此时其出血和血栓栓塞风险是可以接受的,所以本来维持在较高抗凝强度的患者可能可以作适当的调整。

不过,笔者在此强调一下,国内风湿性心脏病患者群数量远超欧美,其中一部分患者是二尖瓣/主动脉瓣甚至三尖瓣多瓣膜置换术后、左房巨大(本人碰到过巨大到压扁一侧肺占据整个胸腔的病例)、左心耳未闭合且巨大、合并左心房血栓、合并房颤或合并左心室扩大伴低射血分数值等其他具有升高血栓栓塞风险的情况,这些患者可能需要更高的抗凝强度。

总之,抗凝治疗中出现脑出血,此时医疗决策面临两难处境、充满风险,需要心内科和神经科同仁紧密协作,并做好患者的沟通工作。

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    0

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    2018-12-26 飛歌

    学习了很有用不错

    0

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    2018-12-26 lietome24

    好文,值得点赞!认真学习了,把经验应用于实践,为患者解除病痛。

    0

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    2018-12-26 txqjm

    谢谢了,学习

    0

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