Cell Metab:癌细胞中转硫途径的调控,转硫途径是半胱氨酸匮乏时维持细胞生长的关键

2019-10-13 阿童木 BioArt

1924年,德国生物学家奥托·瓦伯格(Otto Warburg)首次发现肿瘤细胞无论在低氧和氧气充足的环境中,都倾向于通过一种低效的利用葡萄糖产生乳酸的糖酵解方式供给能量,从而促进增殖,此发现被称为Warburg效应,也被定义为肿瘤的七大特征之一。此后,越来越多的研究发现肿瘤的发生和发展伴随着诸多细胞代谢方式的改变。与正常细胞代谢相比,肿瘤细胞代谢的基本方式是在营养匮乏的微环境中通过劫持、重塑多种

1924年,德国生物学家奥托·瓦伯格(Otto Warburg)首次发现肿瘤细胞无论在低氧和氧气充足的环境中,都倾向于通过一种低效的利用葡萄糖产生乳酸的糖酵解方式供给能量,从而促进增殖,此发现被称为Warburg效应,也被定义为肿瘤的七大特征之一。此后,越来越多的研究发现肿瘤的发生和发展伴随着诸多细胞代谢方式的改变。与正常细胞代谢相比,肿瘤细胞代谢的基本方式是在营养匮乏的微环境中通过劫持、重塑多种合成和分解代谢通路,从而为其生存和增殖提供营养物质,而这些代谢途径的改变和代谢产物的变化通过转录和翻译调节、表观遗传调控和翻译后修饰等不同机制来调控细胞活动,在肿瘤发生发展中起着至关重要的作用。

氨基酸不仅是蛋白质翻译的基石,同时还参与了其他重要代谢过程,如核苷酸的合成和细胞内氧化还原稳态的维持,因此氨基酸的获取是细胞代谢网络的重要组成部分。半胱氨酸(Cysteine)是细胞增殖过程中必不可少的一种非必需氨基酸,不仅可以作为蛋白质生产的基础材料,也是参与谷胱甘肽(GSH)等抗氧化防御系统以避免细胞内大分子的氧化损伤的关键底物。恶性肿瘤的发生需要肿瘤细胞在各个阶段克服氧化应激障碍,因此保持足够的半胱氨酸供应是癌症细胞生存和增殖所必需的。Xc-氨基酸转运系统是癌细胞以胱氨酸形式摄取胞外半胱氨酸,并向胞外输送谷氨酸的重要机制。细胞内满足这一逆向转运的谷氨酸主要来源于谷氨酰胺的去氨基化反映。然而研究发现,肿瘤微环境中谷氨酰胺和胱氨酸都很匮乏,因此很难仅仅通过Xc-氨基酸转运系统满足肿瘤细胞代谢所需的半胱氨酸。除了通过Xc-氨基酸转运系统获取半胱氨酸之外,哺乳动物细胞还能利用富余的蛋氨酸通过转硫途径合成半胱氨酸,而近期研究发现肿瘤组织中蛋氨酸含量显着上升。然而,当胞外半胱氨酸不足时,通过转硫途径产生的半胱氨酸能否支持GSH的合成以及细胞中的蛋白翻译,目前尚不清楚。

2019年10月10日,纪念斯隆·凯特琳癌症中心主席、美国科学院院士Craig B. Thompson教授带领的团队(一作为朱佳俊博士)在Cell Metabolism发表题为“Transsulfuration Activity Can Support Cell Growth upon Extracellular Cysteine Limitation”的长文,通过研究癌细胞中转硫途径的调控及其在维持半胱氨酸水平中的作用,揭示了增殖细胞能够利用转硫反应介导的半胱氨酸生物合成途径来维持半胱氨酸的供应,并在细胞外半胱氨酸受限的肿瘤微环境中维持细胞的生长,这种半胱氨酸生物合成机制是肿瘤发生和发展过程中所必需的。

为了确定肿瘤细胞是如何获取半胱氨酸的,作者首先检测了转硫途径中的两种关键酶——胱硫醚β合成酶(cystathionine β-synthase , CBS)和胱硫醚γ合成酶(cystathionine γ-lyase, CTH)酶,以及Xc-氨基酸逆向转运系统的调节组分xCT的表达水平。研究人员发现在许多肿瘤细胞中CTH和CBS表达水平较高,而xCT和CBS的表达存在负相关性,这一发现提示了许多肿瘤细胞存在较高水平的转硫活性。为了进一步证明转硫作用在癌细胞中的活性,作者进行了稳定同位素示踪检测及液相色谱-质谱分析(LC-MS),证明了转硫途径在表达CBS和CTH的肿瘤细胞的半胱氨酸合成中发挥了重要作用。补充同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine)可以恢复对照细胞的增殖,但在敲除CBS的细胞中则不能,这也从另一方面证明了转硫途径在肿瘤细胞代谢中作用关键。限制半胱氨酸摄取会导致CBS和CTH表达水平上升,同时诱导GCN2磷酸化和ATF4的积累,且半胱氨酸限制导致的CBS和CTH的表达上调与两种酶的基底表达水平无关,证明了转硫途径关键酶的表达受半胱氨酸的制约。综合压力响应途径(Integrated stress response)能通过GCN2和ATF4调控非必需氨基酸的生物合成,为验证转硫途径关键酶被诱导的内在机制,作者利用ChIP检测了转录因子ATF4与两种酶的调控关系。结果证明ATF4在CBS和CTH的启动子区域特异性富集,且半胱氨酸限制会进一步促进ATF4的富集,而ATF4和GCN2敲除细胞中半胱氨酸限制并不会显着诱导CBS和CTH的表达。上述结果表明,ATF4直接介导了半胱氨酸限制条件下转硫途径相关酶的上调。

虽然肿瘤细胞中含有转硫途径的所有酶组分,但大多数细胞不能仅仅依靠转硫途径产生的半胱氨酸来支持细胞增殖,作者推测蛋氨酸循环介导的同型半胱氨酸的产生可能是限制转硫途径产生足够半胱氨酸的关键因素。通过操纵蛋氨酸循环有关组分的表达,作者发现甲基化反应转化SAM到SAH限制了同型半胱氨酸的生产,从而限制了通过转硫途径生产半胱氨酸的速率,甲基转移酶GNMT在这其中发挥了关键作用。此外,GNMT也能通过抑制NRF2的积累及降低ROS水平使细胞氧化压力恢复正常。在半胱氨酸缺失的条件下,增强转硫活性能够使得胞内GSH水平恢复,并且促进细胞生长。随后,作者利用移植肿瘤的免疫缺陷小鼠模型,证明了半胱氨酸水平限制了体内肿瘤的生长,而增强转硫活性则促进肿瘤生长。当培养基中半胱氨酸水平降低时,CBS敲除细胞出现生长缺陷,而且随着细胞外半胱氨酸浓度的降低,CBS敲除细胞的生长缺陷程度更加明显,而xCT的表达并不足以在胞外半胱氨酸限制条件下恢复生长缺陷表型。此外,体内移植肿瘤实验同样证明由CBS缺陷型肿瘤的生长受到抑制,且肿瘤内醚硫酸和GSH的水平降低。上述实验证明,转硫途径在维持GSH水平和氧化还原平衡过程中必不可少,且在促进肿瘤细胞增殖中起重要作用。另外,由于GNMT是受雄激素受体(Androgen receptor)调控的下游基因,GNMT在许多前列腺癌症中有过量的表达。当细胞外半胱氨酸水平受限时,转硫途径决定了前列腺癌细胞的增殖;而GNMT缺失的前列腺癌细胞也表现出生长缺陷,但当细胞外半胱氨酸含量较高时则没有。与之相反,GNMT过表达会在半胱氨酸受限时促进细胞增殖,并会导致体内前列腺癌细胞移植肿瘤的体积增大。因此,GNMT在前列腺癌细胞中的上调会为半胱氨酸的产生及肿瘤细胞的生长提供额外支持。

综上所述,在肿瘤发生等胞外半胱氨酸不足情况下,转硫途径介导的半胱氨酸生物合成能提供足够的半胱氨酸,以维持细胞增殖,而SAM到SAH的转化限制了转硫途径合成内源性半胱氨酸的能力。此外,半胱氨酸是肿瘤细胞生长的限制性因素,转硫途径的活性是维持肿瘤增殖的关键,这一发现也为癌症的治疗提供了新的潜在靶点。

原始出处:
JiajunZhu,MirelaBerisa,SimonSchwrer,et al.Transsulfuration Activity Can Support Cell Growth upon Extracellular Cysteine LimitationAuthor links open overlay panel.Cell Metab,Available online 10 October 2019https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.09.009

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    2020-07-01 guojianrong
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    2019-10-14 一闲
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1888078, encodeId=791618880e825, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d56611584ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Meta#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11584, encryptionId=d56611584ec, topicName=Meta)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8f4110, createdName=guojianrong, createdTime=Wed Jul 01 20:31:00 CST 2020, time=2020-07-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1896563, encodeId=03341896563ea, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4a391158248' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11582, encryptionId=4a391158248, topicName=MET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18fc139, createdName=一闲, createdTime=Mon Oct 14 05:31:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871447, encodeId=aa5218e1447e7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Mon Jan 27 07:31:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1961733, encodeId=0b4a1961e331a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Sat Jan 11 14:31:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1813664, encodeId=11941813664bd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=12a4933932d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#转硫途径#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=93393, encryptionId=12a4933932d, topicName=转硫途径)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d47b2500175, createdName=12498cf9m35(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu Jul 23 05:31:00 CST 2020, time=2020-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1252647, encodeId=2003125264e2f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3efee1519b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71519, encryptionId=3efee1519b2, topicName=癌细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4cea26, createdName=yxch36, createdTime=Tue Oct 15 10:31:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1569042, encodeId=8d6d156904292, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5b9ee7968f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞生长#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77968, encryptionId=5b9ee7968f5, topicName=细胞生长)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=75d615484024, createdName=wwzzly, createdTime=Tue Oct 15 10:31:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1888078, encodeId=791618880e825, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=d56611584ec' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Meta#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11584, encryptionId=d56611584ec, topicName=Meta)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d8f4110, createdName=guojianrong, createdTime=Wed Jul 01 20:31:00 CST 2020, time=2020-07-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1896563, encodeId=03341896563ea, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4a391158248' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#MET#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11582, encryptionId=4a391158248, topicName=MET)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=18fc139, createdName=一闲, createdTime=Mon Oct 14 05:31:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1871447, encodeId=aa5218e1447e7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=fd764459a8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Cell#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4459, encryptionId=fd764459a8, topicName=Cell)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=524d95, createdName=zhaozhouchifen, createdTime=Mon Jan 27 07:31:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1961733, encodeId=0b4a1961e331a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=dbe6445416' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CEL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4454, encryptionId=dbe6445416, topicName=CEL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c3ff68, createdName=维他命, createdTime=Sat Jan 11 14:31:00 CST 2020, time=2020-01-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1813664, encodeId=11941813664bd, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=12a4933932d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#转硫途径#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=93393, encryptionId=12a4933932d, topicName=转硫途径)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=d47b2500175, createdName=12498cf9m35(暂无昵称), createdTime=Thu Jul 23 05:31:00 CST 2020, time=2020-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1252647, encodeId=2003125264e2f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3efee1519b2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#癌细胞#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=71519, encryptionId=3efee1519b2, topicName=癌细胞)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4cea26, createdName=yxch36, createdTime=Tue Oct 15 10:31:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1569042, encodeId=8d6d156904292, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5b9ee7968f5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞生长#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77968, encryptionId=5b9ee7968f5, topicName=细胞生长)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=75d615484024, createdName=wwzzly, createdTime=Tue Oct 15 10:31:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-01-11 维他命
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    2019-10-15 yxch36
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