幽门螺杆菌根除治疗失败原因解析

2011-05-02 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

  作者:北京大学第一医院 高文 来源:中国医学论坛报      幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染的治疗是Hp研究领域中的核心问题,随着时间的变迁,Hp根除率越来越低,目前全球推荐的Hp根除治疗一线方案——三联疗法的根除率为70%~80%,离理想的Hp根除率相差甚远。Hp根除失败原因很多,可归纳为以下几个方面。   Hp菌株因素   对抗生素耐药   耐药是Hp根除失败的主要原因。H

 

作者:北京大学第一医院 高文 来源:中国医学论坛报

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  幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染的治疗是Hp研究领域中的核心问题,随着时间的变迁,Hp根除率越来越低,目前全球推荐的Hp根除治疗一线方案——三联疗法的根除率为70%~80%,离理想的Hp根除率相差甚远。Hp根除失败原因很多,可归纳为以下几个方面。

  Hp菌株因素

  对抗生素耐药

  耐药是Hp根除失败的主要原因。Hp菌体可对多种抗生素产生耐药。部分抗生素的广泛使用也是诱导Hp耐药的原因之一。

  在北京进行的10年回顾性分析显示,在2000-2009年期间,临床分离的Hp菌株对目前常用抗生素的耐药率呈上升趋势,对甲硝唑、克拉霉素及喹诺酮类的耐药率分别从38.9%增至78.8%、从14.8%增至65.4%和从27.1%增至63.5%。这与目前根除率逐年降低的现状一致。

  Hp菌株球形变使其对抗生素不敏感,多发生在应用抗生素或质子泵抑制剂(PPI)类药物后,停用2~4周或更长时间可能会恢复。

  有资料显示,S1/M1和S1/M2型菌株较非产毒菌株对抗生素更敏感。

  Hp定植部位与密度

  Hp定植部位是影响因素之一。通常认为定植于细胞内及胃底部、胃窦胃体交界处的Hp不易被根除。

  Hp定植密度也影响根除效果。当胃内定植的细菌量多时,巨大的细菌负荷会产生接种物效应,使Hp黏附于胃黏膜细胞,形成一层具有保护作用的生物被膜,隔断细菌与抗生素的接触,导致治疗失败。

  不同Hp菌株的混合感染

  由于Hp菌株具有广泛的异质性,同一患者可能感染一株/种以上的Hp菌株,不同的Hp菌株,其对抗生素的耐药性可能不同,如对甲硝唑耐药Hp的混合感染很常见,也易导致含咪唑类方案治疗的失败。

  宿主因素

  不同临床疾病患者Hp根除成功率不同

  十二指肠溃疡患者的Hp根除率高于非溃疡性消化不良者。另外,由于阿莫西林和克拉霉素等对Hp的最小抑菌浓度依赖于胃内pH值,当pH值降低时,最低抑菌浓度(MIC)增加。临床上通常加用PPI来提高胃内pH,增强抗生素活性。

  其他因素

  宿主基因型与免疫状态可影响治疗效果。

  Hp可在口腔内定植(以牙菌斑内居多),这可能是Hp根除失败、Hp复发或再感染的重要原因。

  常规的Hp三联根除治疗方案常会引起服药后的口苦、上腹不适、腹泻等不良反应,使治疗依从性不佳,影响治疗效果。

  患者的性别、年龄及生活习惯也可以影响Hp根治效果。有研究显示,在女性患者中,Hp更易发生对甲硝唑和克拉霉素的耐药;在老年患者中,更易于发生Hp对克拉霉素的耐药而导致根除失败。吸烟和饮酒均有可能降低Hp根除率。

  环境因素

  已有大量的流行病学研究结果表明,Hp感染与生活环境及生活习惯有关,并具有人群或家庭聚集现象。

  较差的经济状况和卫生条件、较低的受教育水平及拥挤的生活环境都是发生Hp感染或再感染的危险因素。

  其他因素

  在药物选择、剂量、疗程及服药方法等方面的不规范不仅可以降低Hp根除率,还可能诱导Hp耐药的产生,增加之后根除治疗的难度。

  在临床上,人们通常认为,如果在Hp根除治疗开始前2周应用过PPI类抑酸药物或者抗生素,有可能会因为影响细菌活性而使根除率降低。

  总结

  在临床上,导致Hp根除治疗失败的原因很多。对于某些根除失败的病例,有时并非是由某个单一的原因引起,而可能是由两种或多种因素所致,如患者的疾病为慢性萎缩性胃炎,所感染的Hp菌株对抗生素耐药,同时合并有口腔Hp感染等。

  对于临床上Hp根治初治、复治失败特别是多次治疗失败的病例,应详细询问其病史和既往治疗的情况,遵循个体化原则,并结合本地区的Hp抗生素耐药情况,谨慎给出补救治疗方案,以避免再次根治治疗的失败。

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    2012-07-03 wanghaiying7

    山东真厉害

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    2011-10-18 风铃830
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    2011-10-20 hongbochen
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    2012-03-06 kcb069
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    2011-05-03 1085741662

    看看

    0