练就火眼金睛,教你识别真假危急值

2019-01-27 罗晓成(广西南宁市马山县人民医院 ) 检验医学网

假危急值的出现,有可能误导临床医师的诊断、治疗和预后判断,也可能会对患者健康造成损害,或浪费了医疗资源。

案例一

男性,14岁。血常规WBC:85.3×109/L,RBC:2.11×1012/L,HGB:55g/L,HCT17.1%,PLT:740×109/L。白细胞不分类。按我院的危急值制度规定,WBC、HCT应报告危急值。看到这样的结果,是不是要立即确认标本、仪器、复查等各个环节有无异常,然后第一时间电话报告了危急值?且慢,我们先来看看散点图。

图1:患者血常规

图2:正常的白细胞分类散点图

图3:患者的白细胞分类散点图

迈瑞血球仪上的正常的散点图,各种细胞群之间一般分界清楚。DIFF通道细胞亚群之间边界不清的颗粒达到一定数量后即触发报警规则,对应的粒子团相关参数打“R”标记;严重重叠者对应的粒子团相关参数会屏蔽结果。现在这个病人的散点图分界不清,分类参数已被屏蔽,并在淋巴细胞和粒细胞的下方出现大片状的散点,强烈提示存在大量有核红细胞干扰。仪器会把部分有核红细胞误认为淋巴细胞,并计入白细胞值,使得白细胞总数偏高,所以要涂片确认。果然,等染色好,镜检时发现有核红细胞的数量极多,100个白细胞见到600个有核红!

图4:患者外周血镜检所见,箭头所指均为有核红细胞

我们按公式对白细胞总数进行校正,白细胞校正数/L=Y×(100/100+N),Y为未校正前白细胞数,N为在白细胞分类时,计数100个白细胞的同时计数到的有核红细胞数。校正后WBC:12.2×109/L,对白细胞也进行了手工分类。再联系临床医师,报告了HCT危急值,白细胞数量不是危急值,但存在大量有核红细胞这一情况也和临床说明。

临床医师告知,患儿男性,14岁,生后不久开始出现面色苍白,逐渐加重,于3个月时确诊为“β重型地中海贫血”,并于2016年行“脾脏切除术”,有多次输血史,成长发育较正常同龄人落后。此次为要求输血入院,出院诊断为:1、地中海贫血;2、重度贫血;3、贫血性心脏病。

β地中海贫血由于β链合成不足,多余的α链沉积在红细胞膜,使红细胞变形能力下降,通过脾脏时易被破坏;α链沉积在红系祖细胞膜上时,使骨髓内的红细胞在分化过程中死亡或成熟前被破坏,产生原位溶血、无效造血,从而出现骨髓造血代偿性增加,大量生成的有核红细胞提前入血。脾切除术是重型珠蛋白生成障碍性贫血的重要治疗手段,因去除了使RBC破坏的主要场所,减少RBC破坏,使贫血改善,也可减轻巨脾压迫;脾切除后又将改变患者的免疫功能,出现脾脏过滤功能消失,易致感染。由此可见此类患者白细胞计数准确性的重要性。

有核红细胞即幼稚红细胞,通常存在骨髓中。外周血出现有核红,除了1周内的新生儿可见少量外,其他情况均为异常的病理现象,多见于各种溶血性贫血、白血病、巨幼细胞性贫血、MDS、MPN等,也可见于许多非血液系统疾病如恶性肿瘤、大出血、肺部感染、尿毒症、肝硬化、外伤等。外周血出现有核红细胞,可见于因某些原因刺激造血,导致造血明显旺盛的情况,如溶血性贫血时骨髓代偿;也可能骨髓阻止有核红细胞进入血液的机制出了问题。

案例二

女性,36岁,中医门诊。血常规提示血小板34×109/L。检查标本无凝块,询问抽血过程顺利。要报危急值吗?我们将标本使用网织通道复查检测,血小板250×109/L。血涂片瑞氏染色显示有多处成团聚集的血小板。嘱患者重新抽血,不添加任何抗凝剂立即上机检测,血小板数量为232×109/L。

图5:血涂片瑞氏染色所见

此案例为EDTA依赖性的假性血小板减少。这是一种发生于体外、EDTA诱导的血小板非稳固性聚集,临床表现为无出血现象的重型假性血小板减少。近年报道并不少见,虽然发生的机率不高,但却给临床治疗工作带来很大的困扰,容易造成误诊又延误时效性。

血细胞自动分析仪常规通道根据血小板体积及通过微孔时产生的脉冲数来计数,当血小板互相发生凝集时,会致一些血小板团被认为是小红细胞而不纳入血小板计数范围,使血小板计数减少。网织通道检测的血小板是用核酸染液对血小板进行了染色,再经荧光散射判断,可较为准确的得到血小板的数量。血涂片在显微镜下见血小板大量聚集,可确认诊断

对于单纯性血小板减少患者,检验人员应结合患者的病情、病史、实验室报告等综合分析,发现可疑结果应及时与患者或医生沟通,采用两种以上不同的方法复检,为临床医生提供准确可靠的诊断依据。

案例三

女性,11岁,肱骨骨折。术后第二天复查血常规、凝血、生化均显示多个项目危急值。APTT:73s,HGB:48g/L,血钾2.22mmol/L,血钙0.85mmol/L。

血红蛋白浓度与初次入院时的结果(132g/L)相差甚远,与临床联系,临床医师告知患者术中出血约10ml,立即查看患者面色红润,生命体征正常,危急值与临床不符,遂重新抽血复查。复查的结果均不是危急值:APTT:20.9s,HGB:130g/L,血钾3.84mmol/L,血钙1.98mmol/L。追问原因,患者是右肱骨骨折,输液在左侧手背,护士说“抽血时在脚部抽了动脉血”。

从生化报告结果看,第一次TP29.8g/L,ALB20.0g/L,血钠147.3mmol/L;第二次TP71.7g/L,ALB42.0g/L,血钠139.0mmol/L。从两次蛋白、血钠的变化,我们判断是输液端抽血或是刚停输液不久即在输液侧抽血的案例。不反映病人真正情况的假危急值的出现和排查,增加了医疗负担,和患者费用,也浪费了医疗资源。还有可能误导临床医师的诊断、治疗和预后判断。

案例四

凝血岗位发现了一个危急值:APTT>120s,TT>150s,PT、FIB正常。这个病人是不是凝血功能严重障碍,要输新鲜冰冻血浆呢?我们怀疑这是肝素污染,便与临床联系,建议4小时后再抽血复查,后复查APTT、TT均在正常范围。这又是为什么呢?

在凝血检查中,APTT延长通常和内源性凝血因子缺乏、因子抑制物、狼疮抗凝物有关,而TT是检出异常干扰因子的凝血试验。

TT延长有几种可能:

1、先天性低(无)纤维蛋白原病;

2、原发性纤溶;

3、肝脏病变;

4、肝素增多或类肝素抗凝物质增多;

5、服用直接凝血酶抑制剂如达比加群等。在TT延长的受检血浆中,加入甲苯胺蓝后如TT明显缩短,两者相差5秒以上,提示受检血浆中肝素或类肝素样物质增多,否则提示TT延长不是由于肝素类物质所致。

目前在临床上应用的主要有普通肝素和低分子肝素。血浆中肝素可与抗凝血酶Ⅲ结合形成复合物,该复合物灭活活化的凝血因子Ⅹ、凝血酶,从而延缓纤维蛋白原向纤维蛋白的转变,导致TT延长。肝素在治疗血栓栓塞性疾病、心肌梗死血管手术、心脏导管检查、体外循环、血液透析等中应用广泛,随着留置针在临床上的推广,封管用的稀释肝素也常常影响了凝血检验结果。本案例便是典型的例子。

结 语

检验科的危急值通常指检验结果与正常预期偏离较大,患者可能正处于生命危险的边缘,临床医师如不及时处理,有可能危及患者安全甚至生命的数值。危急值的及时报告以及有效的临床治疗是保证医疗安全的十分重要的环节,危急值制度的建立是医疗事故处理条例举证中的重要部分,也是临床实验室认可的重要条件之一。然而也不乏一些假危急值的出现。

在张博林的研究中,假危急值比例占总危急值的13.27%。分析前过程出现假危急值占92.31%,以血钾出现的危急值最多,多与不规范抽血有关。高峰对生化检验的标本进行假危急值统计,假危急值比例占总危急值的37.21%,同样最常见的是由于采血方式和方法不对造成。可见在临床中假危急值的比率不低。在本文的4个案例中,有不规范抽血引起的,也有在检验分析过程中出现的。不同医疗机构间,不同职称的检验人员的能力和经验,对出现异常结果时的判断能力和处理能力均存在较大差异。

假危急值的出现,有可能误导临床医师的诊断、治疗和预后判断,也可能会对患者健康造成损害,或浪费了医疗资源。检验与临床的沟通是永恒的主题。当检验科发现不合格标本时,要立即与临床医护人员沟通,临床医护人员发现检测结果与患者状况不吻合时,也应及时与检验人员联系,查找原因,及时采取补救措施。同时“打铁还需自身硬”,检验人员增强学习的主动性和责任心,在工作中不断学习,积累经验,提高业务水平,严格把好审核关,争取在检验环节识别和确认过程,练就火眼金睛,识出真假,共同减少假危急值的出现,为临床提供真正的有价值和意义的信息。

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    2019-04-21 jmtang
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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1683380, encodeId=16d3168338062, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=67a136e2988' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#危急值#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36729, encryptionId=67a136e2988, topicName=危急值)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f42627960172, createdName=jmtang, createdTime=Sun Apr 21 22:33:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2070340, encodeId=2a0620e03407f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4b0d66896b9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#火眼金睛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66896, encryptionId=4b0d66896b9, topicName=火眼金睛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b79433, createdName=jiangjun073, createdTime=Tue Jan 29 21:33:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=362668, encodeId=51b4362668bf, content=真假危急值的区分。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Fri Mar 15 07:00:48 CST 2019, time=2019-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=361898, encodeId=f707361898ab, content=教你识别真假危急值。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Mar 03 11:02:21 CST 2019, time=2019-03-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360978, encodeId=e5663609e85d, content=教你识别真假危急值。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Tue Feb 19 06:48:40 CST 2019, time=2019-02-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360066, encodeId=6be33600660a, content=教你识别真假危急值。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Feb 06 19:51:55 CST 2019, time=2019-02-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359453, encodeId=149435945316, content=教你识别真假危急值。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Jan 28 18:25:49 CST 2019, time=2019-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-03-15 jyzxjiangqin

    真假危急值的区分。

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1683380, encodeId=16d3168338062, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=67a136e2988' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#危急值#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36729, encryptionId=67a136e2988, topicName=危急值)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f42627960172, createdName=jmtang, createdTime=Sun Apr 21 22:33:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2070340, encodeId=2a0620e03407f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4b0d66896b9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#火眼金睛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66896, encryptionId=4b0d66896b9, topicName=火眼金睛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b79433, createdName=jiangjun073, createdTime=Tue Jan 29 21:33:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=362668, encodeId=51b4362668bf, content=真假危急值的区分。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Fri Mar 15 07:00:48 CST 2019, time=2019-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=361898, encodeId=f707361898ab, content=教你识别真假危急值。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Mar 03 11:02:21 CST 2019, time=2019-03-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360978, encodeId=e5663609e85d, content=教你识别真假危急值。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Tue Feb 19 06:48:40 CST 2019, time=2019-02-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360066, encodeId=6be33600660a, content=教你识别真假危急值。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Feb 06 19:51:55 CST 2019, time=2019-02-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359453, encodeId=149435945316, content=教你识别真假危急值。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Jan 28 18:25:49 CST 2019, time=2019-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-03-03 jyzxjiangqin

    教你识别真假危急值。

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1683380, encodeId=16d3168338062, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=67a136e2988' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#危急值#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=36729, encryptionId=67a136e2988, topicName=危急值)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f42627960172, createdName=jmtang, createdTime=Sun Apr 21 22:33:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2070340, encodeId=2a0620e03407f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4b0d66896b9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#火眼金睛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66896, encryptionId=4b0d66896b9, topicName=火眼金睛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b79433, createdName=jiangjun073, createdTime=Tue Jan 29 21:33:00 CST 2019, time=2019-01-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=362668, encodeId=51b4362668bf, content=真假危急值的区分。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=65, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Fri Mar 15 07:00:48 CST 2019, time=2019-03-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=361898, encodeId=f707361898ab, content=教你识别真假危急值。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Mar 03 11:02:21 CST 2019, time=2019-03-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360978, encodeId=e5663609e85d, content=教你识别真假危急值。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Tue Feb 19 06:48:40 CST 2019, time=2019-02-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=360066, encodeId=6be33600660a, content=教你识别真假危急值。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Feb 06 19:51:55 CST 2019, time=2019-02-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=359453, encodeId=149435945316, content=教你识别真假危急值。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Mon Jan 28 18:25:49 CST 2019, time=2019-01-28, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-02-19 jyzxjiangqin

    教你识别真假危急值。

    0

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    2019-02-06 jyzxjiangqin

    教你识别真假危急值。

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    2019-01-28 jyzxjiangqin

    教你识别真假危急值。

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