经前外侧腹膜后入路手术切除腰椎管巨大哑铃型肿瘤1例

2020-02-03 王佳 史铁钧 王培新 中国临床神经外科杂志

椎管内外沟通性哑铃型肿瘤,约占椎管内肿瘤的17.5%,常见于颈椎,其次是胸椎和腰椎。肿瘤直径大于2.5 cm即为巨大哑铃型肿瘤。目前,以手术切除为主,肿瘤的椎管内部分通常由后正中入路切除,椎管外部分由前外侧入路、旁正中入路或后正中入路切除。一期完全切除难度较大,多采用不同入路分期分块切除。我院神经外科及骨科联合,通过前外侧腹膜后入路一期手术完全切除腰椎管内外沟通性巨大哑铃型肿瘤1例,效果良好,现结

椎管内外沟通性哑铃型肿瘤,约占椎管内肿瘤的17.5%,常见于颈椎,其次是胸椎和腰椎。肿瘤直径大于2.5 cm即为巨大哑铃型肿瘤。目前,以手术切除为主,肿瘤的椎管内部分通常由后正中入路切除,椎管外部分由前外侧入路、旁正中入路或后正中入路切除。一期完全切除难度较大,多采用不同入路分期分块切除。我院神经外科及骨科联合,通过前外侧腹膜后入路一期手术完全切除腰椎管内外沟通性巨大哑铃型肿瘤1例,效果良好,现结合文献复习报道如下。
 
1.病例资料
 
女性,51岁,因右侧骶髂关节疼痛10年加重半年入院。10年前,无明显诱因下出现右侧骶髂关节疼痛,继而向右侧臀部、大腿背外侧及小腿放射,疼痛伴麻木感,多由右侧卧位时诱发,站立或翻身后缓解。近半年来,疼痛加重,久坐及弯腰均可诱发,疼痛范围扩展到右侧腰部等位置。
 
入院体格检查:右膝反射及右跟腱反射减退,Lasegue试验阳性,双下肢病理征未引出。
 
腰骶段MRI可见腰3~4椎体水平右侧旁团块影(图1A、1B),大小约40 mm×35 mm,边界清,病变局部通过椎间孔与椎管相连,腰3/4椎体周围见软组织膨出,腰4/5、腰5/骶1椎体后方见软组织影向后突出,硬膜囊受压,诸节段椎管及根管不窄,椎体及附件结构未见明显异常,骨质缘变尖。遂行手术治疗。



图1A. 术前MRI矢状位,见椎管内腰3椎体后方占位,环状强化(↑示);B. 术前MRI冠状位,右侧腰大肌旁可见不规则强化团(↑示);
 
取左侧卧位,C型臂定位腰3/4椎间盘平面,先由骨科医生手术,由左侧12肋后部向脐行倒八字切口,长约15 cm。逐层切开皮肤、皮下组织,钝性分离腹外斜肌、腹内斜肌、腹横筋膜、腰大肌,肉眼可见肿瘤的椎管外部分,大小约5 cm×4 cm×3 cm,呈欠规则椭圆形,包膜完整,无明显分叶,质韧,基底有蒂,通向椎间孔内。直视下将椎管外肿瘤完整切除,可见肿瘤包绕腰3神经根通向椎管内,切除肿瘤时尽量保护腰3神经根。
 
沿神经根向椎管内延伸方向用椎板咬骨钳咬开椎管,范围包括腰3左侧椎弓根及部分横突,充分显露硬膜囊及腹侧神经根。此后,由神经外科医师在显微镜下手术。术中可见硬脊膜外有2个子瘤附着于神经根的硬脊膜外部分,为保留神经将其大部分切除,仅有少量包膜残留。剪开硬脊膜,切除硬脊膜下部分,找到肿瘤上极并切开蛛网膜,将其从椎管内取出,肿瘤与脊髓无明显粘连,将肿瘤与神经根附着部分沿肿瘤侧离断。肿瘤完整切除。放置引流管,止血缝合。
 
术后下肢活动良好,术前症状消失,右膝反射及右跟腱反射减退,Lasegue试验阴性,Lasegue加强试验阳性,无其他阳性体征。术后病理结果示腰3椎管内神经鞘瘤,部分区域瘤细胞丰富,部分区域出血性囊变;腰3椎管外多结节状神经鞘瘤,部分区域瘤细胞丰富,局部生长活跃,部分区域出血性囊变。术后1个月随访,症状较前明显好转,站立久时,偶有腰部疼痛不适,无其他不适。术后3个月随访,术前症状完全消失,无不适。术后3 个月复查MRI 示椎管内无强化影像(图1C、1D)。



图1C. 术后MRI矢状位,腰3椎体后方占位消失;B. 术后MRI冠状位,右侧腰大肌旁占位消失
 
2.讨论
 
椎管哑铃型肿瘤多为神经鞘瘤。腰骶部哑铃型肿瘤相对比较少见。目前,手术切除仍是治疗椎管内哑铃型肿瘤的首选方法。随着显微外科技术的进步,根据哑铃型肿瘤的部位及生长方式,采用适当的手术入路,多学科联合,一期手术切除肿瘤,可取得良好效果。
 
目前,腰椎管哑铃型巨大肿瘤最常见的手术入路有经背侧手术、前方腹内入路、前外侧腹膜后入路。经背侧手术,最常使用,包括后正中和旁正中入路。后正中入路,沿棘突、椎板分离椎旁肌,避免椎旁肌横行切开,椎板或半椎板切除更便于神经减压、脊髓与椎管内肿瘤的分离。单纯椎管内肿瘤一般采用此入路,但对于椎管内外沟通性肿瘤,如要到达椎管前外侧,需要更长的切口、更多的肌肉牵拉以及椎管结构的破坏,从而影响脊柱的稳定性。前方腹内入路,推移腹内脏器和分离肠管,可较好达到腰骶部,但只能切除椎管外肿瘤,无法进入椎管内;而且术后可能出现肠粘连、肠梗阻等并发症,因此较少采用。前外侧腹膜后入路,易于利用肌肉的解剖间隙,较易达到腰骶部,适用于椎管旁肿瘤的切除。
 
针对本文病例,如果采用后正中入路,为充分显露腰3/4肿瘤,切口可能涉及4~5个节段,需咬除棘突及同侧的椎弓和横突,损伤较大;肿瘤的椎管外部分较大,需长时间向一侧牵拉椎旁肌肉,容易造成肌肉坏死;此入路方式只能分块切除肿瘤,其椎间孔内“哑铃”的连接部分难以直视下处理,切除只能采取拉拽的方式,有损伤脊髓或外周神经的可能。若采用旁正中入路,仅可切除椎管外肿瘤较方便,椎管内部分由于角度问题无法切除,需要结合后正中入路切除椎管内部分,增大手术创伤。对于前外侧腹膜后入路,切除椎管外部分较容易,术前无法明确的是,从侧方进入椎管是否可以完全暴露椎管内肿瘤,切除肿瘤的空间及可操作视野是否充分。但本文病例手术表明,对于腰椎管巨大哑铃型肿瘤从侧方进入椎管完全可以获得充分的操作视野。
 
从解剖学的角度看,前外侧腹膜后入路符合本文病例肿瘤的生长特性,沿肿瘤的长径切除肿瘤,使得切除过程中肿瘤的每一个部分都处于操作视野内,使附着或伴行的神经得到了充分的保护。经前外侧腹膜后入路切除腰椎巨大哑铃型肿瘤,切口较小,约15 cm,仅切除部分椎弓根及横突,不影响脊柱的稳定性。符合“生理允许,解剖可达,技术可能,利大于弊”的外科手术原则,以最小创伤一期完成椎管内外沟通性肿瘤的切除。
 
哑铃型肿瘤在生长过程中,可侵蚀破坏相邻椎板、椎体,术中可能需要咬除椎板或小关节,不同程度影响脊柱的稳定性。术中脊柱稳定性重建十分重要,对病人术后生活质量影响重大,尤其对生长发育期的青少年,更易造成术后脊柱畸形及椎体滑脱,引起脊髓神经根症状。有研究表明,一侧腰椎小关节突切除范围超过50%时,就会影响腰椎的稳定性。对于椎管内外沟通性肿瘤,一期手术切除肿瘤的同时行脊柱内固定术,是维持脊柱稳定性的关键。本文病例经前外侧入路仅切除腰3/4椎弓根及横突,术后对脊柱的稳定性影响较小且一期手术完成椎管内外肿瘤的完全切除,可作为后期腰椎哑铃型肿瘤手术治疗的参考。
 
综上所述,采用前外侧腹膜后入路切除椎管外部分较大且偏前的腰椎巨大哑铃型肿瘤,切口小,术野显露完全,可在直视下切除椎管内外肿瘤;仅切除部分椎弓根及横突,对脊柱的稳定性影响相对较小;可达到一期手术肿瘤完全切除。
 
原始出处:

王佳,史铁钧,王培新,崔绍杰,谭荣,黑博,赵全军.经前外侧腹膜后入路手术切除腰椎管巨大哑铃型肿瘤1例并文献复习[J].中国临床神经外科杂志,2019,24(01):52-54.

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1931912, encodeId=78ab19319124d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6f9885648e1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腹膜后#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85648, encryptionId=6f9885648e1, topicName=腹膜后)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fda6311, createdName=119337457, createdTime=Sun May 10 21:06:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2030913, encodeId=5f03203091395, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f58a3991180' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#哑铃型#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39911, encryptionId=f58a3991180, topicName=哑铃型)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8f0715, createdName=showtest, createdTime=Sun Aug 02 02:06:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1724269, encodeId=39701e2426922, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=71c1628e901' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#椎管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62879, encryptionId=71c1628e901, topicName=椎管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7d4e33593434, createdName=caobinglei8090, createdTime=Sat Oct 17 12:06:00 CST 2020, time=2020-10-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1272135, encodeId=f3d412e2135cf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cd1a854340b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腰椎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85434, encryptionId=cd1a854340b, topicName=腰椎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Wed Feb 05 01:06:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1429436, encodeId=966f14294363a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bb015438221' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#手术切除#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54382, encryptionId=bb015438221, topicName=手术切除)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cfdd4195665, createdName=s_pl2009, createdTime=Wed Feb 05 01:06:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1589516, encodeId=82c615895164d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b7158545353' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腰椎管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85453, encryptionId=b7158545353, topicName=腰椎管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4ba17737329, createdName=cnxcy, createdTime=Wed Feb 05 01:06:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1623836, encodeId=aaed162383614, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=16ba8564526' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腹膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85645, encryptionId=16ba8564526, topicName=腹膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=93e220615097, createdName=xuyong530, createdTime=Wed Feb 05 01:06:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1931912, encodeId=78ab19319124d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6f9885648e1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腹膜后#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85648, encryptionId=6f9885648e1, topicName=腹膜后)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fda6311, createdName=119337457, createdTime=Sun May 10 21:06:00 CST 2020, time=2020-05-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2030913, encodeId=5f03203091395, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f58a3991180' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#哑铃型#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=39911, encryptionId=f58a3991180, topicName=哑铃型)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8f0715, createdName=showtest, createdTime=Sun Aug 02 02:06:00 CST 2020, time=2020-08-02, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1724269, encodeId=39701e2426922, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=71c1628e901' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#椎管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=62879, encryptionId=71c1628e901, topicName=椎管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=7d4e33593434, createdName=caobinglei8090, createdTime=Sat Oct 17 12:06:00 CST 2020, time=2020-10-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1272135, encodeId=f3d412e2135cf, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cd1a854340b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腰椎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85434, encryptionId=cd1a854340b, topicName=腰椎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Wed Feb 05 01:06:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1429436, encodeId=966f14294363a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=bb015438221' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#手术切除#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=54382, encryptionId=bb015438221, topicName=手术切除)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=cfdd4195665, createdName=s_pl2009, createdTime=Wed Feb 05 01:06:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1589516, encodeId=82c615895164d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b7158545353' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腰椎管#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85453, encryptionId=b7158545353, topicName=腰椎管)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4ba17737329, createdName=cnxcy, createdTime=Wed Feb 05 01:06:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1623836, encodeId=aaed162383614, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=16ba8564526' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#腹膜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=29, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=85645, encryptionId=16ba8564526, topicName=腹膜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=93e220615097, createdName=xuyong530, createdTime=Wed Feb 05 01:06:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-05, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-02-05 zhaojie88
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    2020-02-05 cnxcy
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    2020-02-05 xuyong530

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