Science:分子伴侣介导的自噬调节胚胎干细胞的多能性,有望开发新的再生疗法

2020-07-29 网络 网络

胚胎干细胞不断地自我更新,同时保留了分化为成年动物中任何一种细胞类型的能力,这种状态称为多能性。已知细胞代谢在这过程中起作用;但目前还不清楚细胞的内部线路如何起作用以保持这种状态并最终决定干细胞的命运

在一项新的研究中,来自美国宾夕法尼亚大学佩雷尔曼医学院的研究人员发现胚胎干细胞中称为CMA(chaperone-mediated autophagy, 分子伴侣介导的自噬)的自噬过程可能作为修复或再生受损细胞和器官的新型治疗靶点。相关研究结果发表在2020年7月24日的Science期刊上,论文标题为“Chaperone-mediated autophagy regulates the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells”。

人体包含200多种不同类型的特化细胞。所有这些细胞都可以由胚胎干细胞(ESC)分化而来。胚胎干细胞不断地自我更新,同时保留了分化为成年动物中任何一种细胞类型的能力,这种状态称为多能性。科学家们已知道细胞代谢在这一过程中起到了一定的作用;但是,目前还不清楚细胞的内部线路究究竟如何起作用以保持这种状态并最终决定干细胞的命运。

这项新的临床前研究首次展示了胚胎干细胞如何将CMA保持在低水平,以促进这种自我更新,而且我们揭示了两种可能操纵胚胎干细胞自我更新和分化的新方法来关闭这种抑制,以增强CMA活性和让它们分化成特化细胞。

论文通讯作者、宾夕法尼亚大学佩雷尔曼医学院癌症生物学教授Xiaolu Yang博士说,“对于希望开发组织或器官再生疗法的人们来说,这是干细胞生物学领域的一个耐人寻味的发现。我们揭示了两种可能操纵胚胎干细胞自我更新和分化的新方法:CMA和一种由CMA调节的称为α-酮戊二酸(alpha-ketoglutarate)的代谢物。合理干预或引导这些功能可能是提高再生医学方法效率的有力途径。”

自噬是大多数生物体生存和发挥功能所必需的一种细胞吞噬机制。当细胞自噬时,细胞内的物质被送到溶酶体,其中溶酶体是帮助分解这些物质的细胞器。自噬有几种形式。然而,与所有真核细胞都存在的其他形式不同,CMA是哺乳动物特有的。迄今为止,CMA的生理作用仍不清楚。

这些研究人员在小鼠的胚胎干细胞上使用代谢组学和遗传实验室技术,试图更好地了解在它们的多能性状态和随后的分化过程中发生的重大变化。

这些研究人员发现,CMA活性保持在最低水平是由于两种对多能性至关重要的细胞因子Oct4和Sox2抑制了一个名为LAMP2A的基因,其中LAMP2A基因为产生一种CMA所必需的称为溶酶体相关膜蛋白-2的蛋白提供指令。他们发现这种最小的CMA活性使得胚胎干细胞维持较高的α-酮戊二酸水平,其中α-酮戊二酸是一种对强化细胞多能性状态至关重要的代谢物。当到了分化的时候,由于Oct4和Sox2的减少,胚胎干细胞开始上调CMA。增强的CMA活性会导致负责生产α-酮戊二酸的关键酶遭到降解。这导致α-酮戊二酸水平的降低和其他细胞活动的增加,以促进分化。这些发现揭示了CMA和α-酮戊二酸决定了胚胎干细胞的命运。

胚胎干细胞通常被称为多能性干细胞,这是因为它们能够产生除胎盘和脐带以外的身体内的每一种细胞类型。胚胎干细胞不仅为研究哺乳动物的早期发育提供了一个极好的系统,而且在开发治疗各种人类疾病的再生疗法方面也大有可为。在过去的十年中,基于干细胞的再生医学疗法发展迅速,已有研究表明几种方法可以修复受损的心脏组织,替代实体器官移植中的细胞,在某些情况下还可以治疗神经系统疾病。

Yang说,“这种新发现的自噬在胚胎干细胞中的作用是开展进一步研究的开始,可能导致研究人员和医生科学家获得更好地治疗各种疾病的方法。”

原始出处:

Xuemei Xie, Qiang Shi, Peng Wu, et al.Single-cell transcriptome profiling reveals neutrophil heterogeneity in homeostasis and infection.Nat Immunol. 2020 Jul 27. doi: 10.1038/s41590-020-0736-z.

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    2020-08-01 独孤立克

    干细胞是热点,但是进入临床仍然需要时间和临床疗效验证哦

    0

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    2020-07-31 ailian1202
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    2020-07-31 jichang
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    2020-07-30 ms7000000627454653

    🤙🤙🤙

    0

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