诊断主动脉夹层,千万别犯这种错误!

2018-07-17 郑智 医学界心血管频道

正确诊断主动脉夹层分型至关重要!

在主动脉夹层的诊断分型中,很容易犯“盲人摸象”的错误。


图1:盲人摸象的故事

“盲人摸象”的故事,讲的是几个盲人通过触摸大象的身体说明大象到底长什么样。

结果,摸到大象大腿的盲人说“大象是一棵树”,摸到大象身子的盲人说“大象是一堵墙”,摸到大象尾巴的盲人说“大象是一根绳子”。

其实他们都对,也都不对。因为他们只描述了大象身体的一部分,而并非全部。

目前,国际上通用的主动脉夹层分型主要有DeBakey和Stanford分型。这两种分型根据病变累及范围和/或破口位置而定,如图2所示。

通常说的,A型(1型)主动脉夹层指主动脉全程累及(包括升主动脉、主动脉弓、胸降主动脉和腹主动脉),B型(3型)主动脉夹层指胸降主动脉夹层(此类型升主动脉及主动脉弓无病变)。


图2:主动脉夹层国际分型

临床分型与病情危险程度有关,并指导制定治疗方案。在临床工作中,基层首诊医生(包括急诊科、心内科、放射科、超声科等相关科室),容易在诊断分型时犯“盲人摸象”的错误。

下面通过一个病例说明这个问题!

做好准备,一波图片来袭~~

患者张某某,男性,51岁,因“突发腹痛2小时”入院,无胸痛症状,基层医院首诊的急诊科医生做了一个腹部平扫CT,发现胸降主动脉及腹主动脉有以下病变:①血管内膜征;②钙化点内移征。

这些平扫CT的征象提示主动脉夹层的可能(没有CTA?这三招也能识别主动脉夹层!)。因此,基层医生的诊断是:B型(3型)主动脉夹层。

结果在上级医院复查胸腹主动脉CTA,在平扫CT提示主动脉夹层的对应层面,证实了主动脉夹层(图3~6)。同时发现升主动脉及主动脉弓均有夹层撕裂(图7~8)。因此,正确诊断应该是A型(1型)主动脉夹层。


图3:平扫CT提示胸降主动脉血管内膜征及血管周围钙化点(箭头所示),此血管周围钙化点并非主动脉夹层征象


图4:CTA显示图3相应层面,与平扫CT对应的血管内膜征及血管周围钙化点(红箭头所示)


图5:平扫CT显示腹主动脉段血管钙化点内移征(红箭头所示)


图6:CTA显示图5相应层面,钙化点内移征及夹层撕裂内膜片(红箭头所示)


图7 :CTA显示主动脉弓层面夹层撕裂内膜片(红箭头所示)


图8:CTA显示升主动脉及胸降主动脉均有夹层撕裂内膜片(红箭头所示)

该患者之所以腹痛症状明显,是因为夹层在腹主动脉段撕裂更加严重,真腔几乎压闭了。

腹腔干动脉由真假双腔供血,真腔狭窄(图9),肠系膜上动脉由假腔供血,真腔完全压闭了(图10),双肾动脉也由假腔供血(图11)。由于腹腔脏器缺血导致脾脏、左肾部分梗死。因此,患者主要症状是腹痛,而胸痛不明显。这可能也是导致诊断分型不准确的原因之一。


图9:CTA显示主动脉夹层累及腹腔干动脉,真腔狭窄(红箭头所示),同时显示脾脏部分梗死(红星形所示)

图10:CTA显示肠系膜上动脉由假腔供血(红箭头所示),真腔压闭,左肾及脾脏梗死(红星形所示)


图11:CTA显示双肾动脉由假腔供血(红箭头所示),左肾梗死(红星形所示)

重点来了,敲黑板啦!

影像学(CT、MRI、B超等)评估主动脉夹层应该是整个主动脉全程,胸降主动脉或腹主动脉夹层并不代表是B型(或3型)夹层,因为如果合并了升主动脉病变,就是A型(或1型)主动脉夹层,而不是B型(或3型)了。

平扫CT诊断主动脉夹层的征象:血管内膜征和钙化点内移征是比较确切可靠的诊断指标。血管壁周围钙化点并非主动脉夹层征象。

主动脉夹层的正确诊断分型很重要,因为病情危险程度及治疗方案与此相关。

专家介绍


郑智 教授 

郑智,男,华中科技大学附属同济医院心脏大血管外科,副主任医师,德国法兰克福大学医学博士

社会兼职:美国心脏病学院(ACC)国际IA会员;国际血管联盟(IUA)中国分部胸主动脉专业委员会委员;亚洲心血管及胸腔外科学会(ASCVTS)成员;中国研究型医院学会血管医学专业委员会委员;中国医促会医疗质量控制分会全国青年委员;《医学参考报·全科医学与精准健康传播频道》编委;《医学界》专栏作者。

率先提出A型主动脉夹层微创腔内治疗,“以医学人文关怀为导向”的主动脉夹层个体化治疗及危重心血管疾病治疗中的“医学创新、人文创新、科普创新”等先进理念,获中央电视台“寻找最美医生”提名(2015),中国“荣耀医者·人文情怀奖”(2016),全国首届血压血脂综合管理临床病例大赛一等奖(2017),中国第二届科普创新大赛科普漫画十佳作品奖(2017)及第一届全国优秀人文案例三等奖(2017)。在国际期刊(SCI)及国内杂志发表医学论文三十余篇。

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    2019-04-09 125a288cm13暂无昵称

    文章很好,学习了

    0

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    2018-08-01 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文章学习了

    0

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    2018-07-24 Charm0707

    又重新温习了

    0

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    2018-07-24 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-07-19 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

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    2018-07-17 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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    2018-07-17 三生有幸9135

    学习一下

    0

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