J Clin Oncol:遗传学检测在遗传性前列腺癌风险评估中的作用

2017-12-26 王强 肿瘤资讯

在美国费城召开了2017前列腺癌共识会议,主要着眼于前列腺癌遗传风险检测以及遗传咨询、筛查、根据遗传学检测结果如何治疗等问题。

在美国费城召开了2017前列腺癌共识会议,主要着眼于前列腺癌遗传风险检测以及遗传咨询、筛查、根据遗传学检测结果如何治疗等问题。

越来越多的扎实证据表明前列腺癌具有遗传倾向,且某些遗传学指标与预后不良有关;但与此同时有高达12%的转移性前列腺癌未检出常见遗传性突变,从而无法进行针对性用药而改善其临床预后。因此,遗传性前列腺癌的突变检测对于男性及相关家庭成员的风险评估、转移性病变的精准治疗来说还是有一定局限性,且目前针对前列腺癌遗传学检测、相关商业化基因套餐项目的合理应用及解读,也缺乏核心性指南;即使遗传学咨询方面存在的一些共识也存在一些不足,如目前的美国国家综合癌症网络(National Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)遗传/家族高危评估乳腺癌卵巢癌部分,也只是强调仅对Gleason评分≥7分的前列腺癌个体、及具有特殊家族史的患者进行BRCA1/2检测。

在这样的背景下,在美国费城召开了2017前列腺癌共识会议。该会议包括了前列腺癌早期筛查、治疗、研究、遗传学咨询及患者权益等相关部门和专家,这也是多基因检测时代第一次制定出强调并建立“遗传性前列腺癌综合遗传评估工作框架(working framework for the comprehensive genetic evaluation of inherited prostate cancer)”的中心性、多学科共识。近日,该共识发表于美国临床肿瘤学会官方期刊Journal of clinical oncology上,肿瘤资讯为大家编译介绍如下。

一. 哪些男士应接受前列腺癌遗传学咨询及遗传学检测?

相关标准:符合下列条件之一的男性即应接受遗传学咨询及遗传学检测:

1. 符合下述已明确的检测标准、或综合征标准家族的前列腺癌男性:

●遗传性乳腺癌及卵巢癌(共识度93%);

●遗传性前列腺癌(共识度95%);

●林奇综合征(共识度88%)。

2. 下述综合征家族中(较宽泛的家族史)患癌成员的二代或二代内直系亲属患前列腺癌者:

●遗传性乳腺癌及卵巢癌(共识度93%);

●遗传性前列腺癌(共识度86%);

●林奇综合征(共识度86%)。

共识后的讨论包括了该标准中年龄阈值的考虑;具体的年龄阈值应结合更多数据,确诊时的年龄对于遗传学咨询方面是个重要指标。

3. 转移性去势难治性前列腺癌患者均应进行遗传学检测(共识度67%)。

共识后的讨论也包括了对转移性激素敏感性前列腺癌患者进行遗传学检测的问题,旨在确定未来的治疗方案有可能获益、以及提示该家族进行遗传学检测。

4. 肿瘤测序中具有癌症风险基因突变的患者应建议进行种系突变检测,尤其是结合个人史及家族史后(共识度77%)。

附加建议:该共识专家组强烈赞同患者应加入到前列腺癌遗传学检测决策制定中(共识度77%)。提出需进行遗传学咨询的年龄标准有:本人或一级亲属中有人确诊前列腺癌时较年轻(≤55岁);一级亲属中有人<60岁即死于前列腺癌;或具有提示遗传性乳腺癌及卵巢癌、遗传性前列腺癌、林奇综合征的家族史。其他参考标准还有肿瘤测序表明具有遗传性癌基因的突变、有转移性病变。如无其他遗传学数据,则非洲裔美国男性应遵循与其他族裔男性相同的标准,这一点专家组之间也是有强烈共识的(共识度75%)。无前列腺癌、家族成员中无前列腺癌的男性,其家族史标准与具有前列腺者一样。

二. 根据临床和/或家族史信息,应检测哪些基因?

相关标准:下述标准得到了最高程度的共识:

1. 符合相应综合征标准的前列腺癌患者应检测下列基因:

●HPXB13基因(综合征:遗传性前列腺癌)(共识度95%);

●BRCA1/BRCA2基因(综合征:遗传性乳腺癌及卵巢癌)(共识度97%);

●DNA错配修复基因(林奇综合征)(共识度73%)。

2. 下述遗传性癌症综合征中(较宽泛的家族史)患癌成员二代或二代内直系亲属患前列腺癌者:

●BRCA1/BRCA2基因(遗传性乳腺癌及卵巢癌的癌谱,具体包括乳腺癌、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、前列腺癌、恶性黑色素瘤)(共识度98%);

●DNA错配修复基因(林奇综合征的癌谱,具体包括大肠癌、子宫内膜癌、上消化道癌、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、上泌尿道的癌,以及皮脂腺腺癌)(共识度97%)。该项的共识后讨论注意到了DNA错配修复基因与前列腺癌风险关系相关证据相关性一般,并提出对前列腺癌应通过免疫组化进行林奇综合征相关检测以筛选出DNA错配修复基因种系突变可能性较大的患者。

共识后的讨论包括了该标准中年龄阈值的问题。具体的年龄阈值应结合更多信息,确诊时的年龄对于对于遗传学咨询方面是个重要指标。

3. 前列腺癌测序出现下述癌症风险基因突变者,应进行前列腺癌易感性的验证性种系遗传学检测:BRCA1/BRCA2基因(共识度89%)、DNA错配修复基因(共识度88%)、HOXB13基因(共识度68%)、ATM基因(61%)。

4. 转移性去势难治性前列腺癌患者如进行遗传学检测指导治疗方案,应检测下述基因:BRCA1/2基因(共识度88%)、ATM基因(共识度62%)。

三. 遗传学检测结果如何指导前列腺癌筛查?

相关标准:下述标准的共识度最高:

1. BRCA2突变状态应整合入前列腺癌筛查决策(共识度80%)。

筛查策略:

●40岁、或比家族成员中最年轻前列腺癌患者确诊时年龄提前10岁检测PSA基础值(共识度56%);

●每年筛查一次、或每年检测一次PSA基础值(共识度76%)。

2. HOXB13基因的突变情况应整合入前列腺癌筛查决策(共识度53%):

筛查策略:

●40岁、或比家族成员中最年轻前列腺癌患者确诊时年龄提前10岁检测PSA基础值(共识度52%);

每年筛查一次、或每年检测一次PSA基础值(共识度75%)。

附加建议:共识后的意见中指出,开始进行PSA筛查的年龄阈值可以考虑的更低一些,但无需低于35岁。每年进行PSA检查、或根据基础PSA水平来确定相关检测方面,取得了较强共识。该共识与NCCN的乳腺癌及卵巢癌指南一致,但也在筛查开始时间方面加入了家族中前列腺癌患者确诊年龄这一因素。BRCA1基因突变状态是NCCN乳腺癌及卵巢癌指南的一部分,可结合这一点考虑在45岁时进行PSA基础值检测。

四. 基因检测结果如何指导早期/局灶前列腺癌、进展期/高危型前列腺癌及转移性去势难治性前列腺癌患者的治疗?

相关标准:下述标准取得了最高共识:

1. BRCA2基因突变状态应整合入早期/局灶前列腺癌的治疗决策(共识度64%);

2. BRCA2基因(共识度97%)及ATM基因(共识度59%)突变状态应整合入高危型/进展期前列腺癌的治疗决策;

3. BRCA1基因(共识度83%)、BRCA2基因(共识度88%)、ATM基因(共识度56%)突变状态应整合入转移性去势难治性前列腺癌的治疗决策。

备注:该共识是通过相关调查问卷进行投票方式决定的,总计收集了美国、加拿大、英格兰、荷兰71名前列腺癌早期检查、治疗、遗传学咨询、临床癌症遗传学、科研、生物伦理、权益保护、患者权益保护等相关专家的意见,相关文献已在会前发给各位专家,会议上通过电子表决系统进行无记名投票。共识程度的意思则为:≥75%是指有较强共识;50-74%为中等程度共识;<50%为缺乏共识。

点评

前列腺癌确切的发病原因并没有完全明了,但与遗传因素有关已是不争的事实。这一领域的相关进展,促成了该会议共识的出现。尽管该共识还有一定局限性,如所涉及文献的代表性、相关专家领域是否充分等,但这前列腺癌遗传相关领域的重要一步。

原始出处:
Giri VN,Knudsen KE,Kelly WK,et al.Role of Genetic Testing for Inherited Prostate Cancer Risk: Philadelphia Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference 2017[J].Journal of clinical oncology,2017.DOI:10.1200/JCO.2017.74.1173.

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    2018-11-26 minlingfeng
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    2018-06-08 sjq027