个体化医疗:肿瘤学的未来

2011-10-04 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

     乔斯·巴塞尔   欧洲肿瘤内科学会(ESMO)前任主席乔斯·巴塞尔(Jose Baselga)教授在首场演说中指出,传统的癌症治疗似乎已达平台,这或许与目前的研究模式有关 ——未经选择的患者人群、简单的附加模式(将研究药物直接加在获准方案基础上)、耗资耗时的大规模研究。这种模式导致了试验的高失败率及收益甚微的结果,并为医疗系统带来无法承担的高额费用。   面对数百种在研药

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  乔斯·巴塞尔

  欧洲肿瘤内科学会(ESMO)前任主席乔斯·巴塞尔(Jose Baselga)教授在首场演说中指出,传统的癌症治疗似乎已达平台,这或许与目前的研究模式有关 ——未经选择的患者人群、简单的附加模式(将研究药物直接加在获准方案基础上)、耗资耗时的大规模研究。这种模式导致了试验的高失败率及收益甚微的结果,并为医疗系统带来无法承担的高额费用。

  面对数百种在研药物,我们要如何检测他们的有效性,如何实现患者的个体化治疗,又如何让偶然的成功转化为系统性的进步?Baselga教授认为,解开这些难题离不开技术的支持:第一步,我们需要在实验室里将正确的药物匹配至正确的肿瘤类型,例如对1000个癌症细胞系进行药物敏感性的快速筛选,以确定临床试验的生物标志物;第二步,测试每例患者的肿瘤对标志物的反应,这需要进行 DNA突变、表观遗传学、蛋白组学、信使RNA(mRNA)或微小RNA(miRNA)表达谱及染色体改变等全面的基因特征分析,而新的临床基因分型技术将有望对肿瘤标本进行实时筛查,采用高通量基因分型技术(>100个标本/周)发现具有临床意义的突变,从而指导治疗决策;第三步,治疗过程中对肿瘤进行系列监测,以更早期、更灵活地判定疗效,例如新开发的采用微流控捕获技术的循环肿瘤细胞(CTC)芯片,可以捕捉到每10亿个血液细胞中的那个循环肿瘤细胞,使早期发现并阻滞肿瘤细胞增殖成为可能,应用该技术也可进一步探讨循环中的肿瘤细胞簇是否与癌症转移相关等生物机制问题;第四步,嵌入动态的、功能性影像学检查,已有研究显示,利用氟脱氧葡萄糖正电子发射断层扫描(FDG-PET/CT)可早期检测对治疗的反应等。

  应用这些新技术,未来的临床试验也可考虑新的设计思路:或可进行小规模、更智慧的临床试验,一样为我们提供答案;探索互补通路的联合治疗策略;将新的治疗方法应用于疾病的早期阶段;最后一点,对耐药性的研究是关键。

  未来10年,相信癌症医学将进一步向个体化治疗的方向迈进,我们需要成立致力于开展新药治疗研究的学术中心,扩大肿瘤基因分型和新一代测序技术的应用,开发肿瘤生物标志物,建立生物库分享数据,融合影像学、CTC等新技术平台;我们也需要更多的医师型科学家形成良好的团队;当然,新的研究设计模式也需要我们的创造力和积极改变的意愿。

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    2011-10-05 lily

    个性化医疗,使肿瘤个性化治疗,可能有可能会提高疗效,也节约药物费用。

    0