科学家找到调节免疫系统的肠道微生物

2017-11-28 应雨妍 奇点原创

在克利夫兰诊所公布的“2017十大医疗科技创新”中,“利用微生物组来预防、诊断和治疗疾病”排在首位[1]。这似乎也没什么意外的,无论是专业人士还是吃瓜群众,近年来都在各种各样的研究中看到了微生物的“实力”。

在克利夫兰诊所公布的“2017十大医疗科技创新”中,“利用微生物组来预防诊断和治疗疾病”排在首位[1]。这似乎也没什么意外的,无论是专业人士还是吃瓜群众,近年来都在各种各样的研究中看到了微生物的“实力”。

微生物组中目前最受关注,也最“火热”的当属肠道微生物,想要通过它来治疗疾病的话,大家也肯定能瞬间想到讨论度很高的“粪菌移植”,而为了能让患者获得更好的治疗体验,心思活络的产业界新秀Seres Therapeutics公司也瞅准时机,开发了治疗艰难梭菌感染(CDI)的粪菌胶囊SER-109。

在经历了I期临床治愈率高达97%(30名患者有29名治愈),获得FDA“突破性治疗”称号等等辉煌后,这个被产业界寄予厚望的药物却在2016年的II期临床中“折戟”,它的治疗效果与安慰剂相比并没有显着差异。结果一经公布,Seres一夜之间股票跳楼式下跌近70%,15亿美元的市值蒸发掉了2/3。

Seres为什么会失败呢?是不是药物的成分有问题?SER-109的核心是肠道细菌,研发人员采用的是可能对CDI患者“柔弱的免疫系统”有益的50种健康人粪便中的细菌孢子。注意,是“可能有益”,这说明,研发人员对这些细菌究竟能起怎样的作用并不能做到“心中有数”,那么这是不是意味着,如果找到了确切地能够调节免疫系统的微生物,就可以很大程度上避免这种“模棱两可”,进行“精准肠道微生物移植”呢?

上周五,华盛顿大学医学院的Marco Colonna教授带领他的团队在《科学》杂志上发表文章,他们真的找到了可以调节特殊免疫细胞的肠道微生物——罗伊氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)!不仅如此,他们还发现,这个大量存在于健康人肠道中的有益菌想要发挥作用,还需要色氨酸的帮助[2]。

Colonna教授表示,这会对许多肠道炎症疾病,例如炎症性肠病(IBD)有着很大帮助。

IBD以前一直被认为是个“西方病”,在经济欠发达的地区不太常见,然而近20年来,亚洲地区,尤其是我国的发病率快速上升。在这20年间,与前10年相比,近10年IBD总病例数增长超过24倍。根据2015年《自然评论:胃肠病学与肝病学》杂志发表的评论文章,在未来的10年(2015-2025)中,中国的患病率最高可能达到0.1%,2025年的患病人数将超过150万,几乎追平西方国家[3]。
作为一种慢性病,IBD对患者的折磨可谓是“全方位多角度”,反复的腹痛、腹泻、便血,不仅影响正常的工作生活,也影响情绪,所以IBD患者往往也伴随不同程度的抑郁。

过去的研究发现,IBD患者的肠道炎症是由于免疫系统过度活跃引起的[4],而在我们的肠道中有一类特殊的免疫细胞“双阳性上皮内T细胞(double-positive intraepithelial T lymphocytes,DPIELs)”,由CD4+T细胞分化而来,负责调节免疫稳态,增加免疫系统的耐受性,“平息”过于活跃的免疫反应,可以减轻患者的炎症。

对于无菌小鼠来说,DPIELs是不存在的,因此这就暗示我们,肠道微生物对于它的产生是必需的。但是这个神秘的微生物是谁?和它有关的代谢产物又有什么?这些都不得而知。这次,研究人员们有了一个确切的答案。

这个研究成果的发现也可以算是源于一个“意外”,研究人员发现他们实验室中两组小鼠中的一组携带有大量的DPIELs,而另一组则少得可怜。为了探究原因,他们将携带DPIELs小鼠的菌群移植给了另外一组小鼠,结果这些小鼠也拥有了相当数量的DPIELs!而再用四种抗生素处理小鼠,DPIELs又不复存在了。

罗伊氏乳杆菌

为了鉴定出确切的菌种,研究人员将四种抗生素分开使用,发现真正与DPIELs存在与否有关的是对新霉素有抗性的革兰氏阳性菌,缩小了范围后再次筛选,最终圈定了六种细菌,一个是罗伊氏乳杆菌,另外五个都是拟杆菌目细菌。经过逐一的移植,研究人员发现,只有罗伊氏乳杆菌是决定了CD4+T细胞能否分化为DPIELs,而其他几种细菌则只有增强作用。

罗伊氏乳杆菌是怎样让T细胞分化为DPIELs的呢?细菌可以通过它们的结构成分(如多糖)或是代谢物(如短链脂肪酸)来引导T细胞的分化。在分析了罗伊氏乳杆菌的几种代谢物之后,研究人员发现其中吲哚-3-乳酸可以通过激活CD4+T细胞中的一个受体,引起转录因子Thpok表达的减少,CD4+T细胞就可以分化为DPIELs了。这与过去发现的Thpok下调引导的分化机制是一致的[5]。

那么吲哚-3-乳酸又由何而来?它来自于我们人体八大必需氨基酸之一的色氨酸,必需氨基酸是我们不能自己体内合成或是合成速度不能满足需求而必须从食物中摄取的氨基酸,在日常饮食中,富含蛋白质的食物,如肉类、豆类和奶制品等都富含色氨酸。

所以补充色氨酸会有奇效么?研究人员进行了一次小鼠实验。他们将小鼠分为3组,分别以高水平色氨酸(0.48%)、标准水平色氨酸(0.24%)和低水平色氨酸(0.11%)饮食喂养4周,对于移植了缺陷型罗伊氏乳杆菌菌株的无菌小鼠来说,高水平的色氨酸补充也不能增加小鼠DPIELs的水平。而对于普通罗伊氏乳杆菌水平正常的小鼠来说,标准色氨酸水平喂养的DPIELs是低水平的2倍,高水平的则达到3倍。

值得注意的是,DPIELs是人与小鼠共有的。而且已经有研究发现,IBD患者往往都有与色氨酸代谢有关的基因缺陷,这也为研究增加了可信度和可实践度。

通过这个研究,设想,如果在临床中也能验证这些结论的话,那么以后对于IBD病人,医生是不是就可以采用“外植细菌,内补色氨酸”的方法来治疗他们了呢?

实际上,对于肠道微生物药物的研发,我国肠道微生物领域的领军人物,上海交大的赵立平教授就曾说过,目前最大的瓶颈就是对肠道微生物的了解仍然很不够,我们对不同微生物的功能,哪些微生物增加或减少能够致病、治病都很模糊,应该把有益菌和有害菌扎扎实实地一个个鉴定清楚,这样才能有针对性地开发药物。

这个研究的出现,包括过去一些针对某个疾病的单一细菌发挥作用的研究,是不是都在提示我们,现如今的“粪菌移植”治疗还有很大的进步空间?粪菌移植从某种意义上来说,也是一直处于“黑匣子”状态,也有一些研究人员提出,可能就是这样综合的“微生态”才能真正发挥效用,那么这些研究是不是推翻了这样的假设呢?也许我们只需要一种或是几种微生物就可以达到同样的疗效。奇点糕想,这个问题大概需要研究人员慢慢去验证。

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    2017-12-05 大爰

    学习了谢谢分享!!

    0

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    2017-12-05 虈亣靌

    讲解的非常好,值得学习

    0

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    2017-12-02 jihuaijun1112

    学习学习学习学习

    0

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    2017-12-01 虈亣靌

    学习了提高了

    0

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    2017-11-30 半夏微凉

    学习了谢谢分享

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    2017-11-30 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了.谢谢分享!

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    2017-11-29 雅文博武

    学习了很多先进的医疗技术

    0

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    2017-11-29 186****0580(小山羊)

    学习了谢谢了

    0

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