左心声学造影诊断二尖瓣血性囊肿1例

2019-04-03 何俊 何亚峰 吴洋 临床超声医学杂志

患者男,32岁,心脏杂音17年。现间断胸痛气短1年,胸痛呈绞痛样,持续约15min,休息后可好转,后频繁发作晕厥不适,每年发作3次,近来频发夜间阵发性呼吸困难。体格检查:体温36.6℃,脉搏60次/min,呼吸18次/min,血压110/67mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)。心界向左下扩大,心尖部可闻及Ⅲ/6级收缩期吹风样杂音。

患者男,32岁,心脏杂音17年。现间断胸痛气短1年,胸痛呈绞痛样,持续约15min,休息后可好转,后频繁发作晕厥不适,每年发作3次,近来频发夜间阵发性呼吸困难。体格检查:体温36.6℃,脉搏60次/min,呼吸18次/min,血压110/67mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa)。心界向左下扩大,心尖部可闻及Ⅲ/6级收缩期吹风样杂音。
 
经胸超声心动图检查:二尖瓣前瓣探及一大小约4.6 cm×2.6 cm囊性团块,呈花瓣形(图1),边界清晰,形态规则,内部为无回声区,囊壁回声似连续完整,其一侧连于二尖瓣前瓣尖,另一侧似与二尖瓣外侧组乳头肌相连,与乳头肌连接处宽约0.9 cm;CDFI示其内未见明显血流信号。左心声学造影检查:囊性团块内未见造影剂回声充盈(图2),且随心动周期摆动,收缩期凸向左室流出道,致左室流出道相对狭窄,血流明显加速,峰值速度4.9m/s,压差98mmHg。原左室流出道通畅,内径约2.8 cm。二尖瓣开放尚可,开口径2.0 cm,收缩期瓣叶关闭不良,其左房侧可见重度反流信号。超声诊断:二尖瓣前瓣瓣下腱索与乳头肌间囊肿;左室流出道相对狭窄;二尖瓣重度关闭不全。


 图1 心尖三腔心切面观
 

图2 左心声学造影心尖非标准切面观
 
全麻中低温体外循环下手术。术中经食管超声心动图显示:囊性团块附着于二尖瓣前瓣尖(A2区及A3区)与二尖瓣外侧组乳头肌之间,囊壁连续完整,其内为无回声区;CDFI示其内未见血流信号(图3)。二尖瓣后瓣及内侧组乳头肌未见异常回声附着,余同经胸超声。术中所见:经房间隔切口显露二尖瓣,左室内肿块大小约6.0 cm×5.0 cm×2.0 cm,囊性,色灰白,侵犯前瓣A2及A3区乳头肌、瓣叶及腱索(图4)。
 
图3 经食管超声心动图左室长轴切面观
 
图4 手术切除的二尖瓣囊性肿物及二尖瓣瓣叶组织
 
切除二尖瓣前瓣瓣叶,完整剥离囊性肿瘤,切除侵袭的乳头肌及腱索,完整摘除瘤体;行二尖瓣机械瓣置换术。术中经食管超声心动图显示人工瓣机能正常,左室流出道未见狭窄。术后组织病理学检查:肿物切开后可见褐色血栓样物质,可与肿物外壁完全分离。镜检显示左室肿物内血栓样物质镜下为均匀红染的网状物质,其内未见细胞,肿物外壁与二尖瓣相延续,其主要结构为胶原纤维和成纤维细胞,外壁内衬单层扁平上皮,局部可见单核炎性细胞浸润。病理诊断:二尖瓣血性囊肿。
 
讨论:
 
心内血性囊肿是一种罕见的先天性异常,于1844年由Elsasser首次对其进行了描述。多见于2个月内的婴儿,2岁以后少见。国内外少有成年患者报道。其形成原因考虑为瓣膜形成过程中血流冲击瓣膜表面的裂隙内陷,后期裂隙未愈合形成。囊肿通常是孤立的,多见于二尖瓣瓣叶两侧或后瓣叶、前乳头肌、二尖瓣瓣环、三尖瓣、肺动脉瓣,但最多见于二尖瓣前叶。
 
二尖瓣血性囊肿的诊断主要依赖超声,但经胸超声心动图不能清晰显示时可行左心声学造影检查或经食管超声心动图检查。本病例囊肿较大,经胸超声心动图显示其内部为无回声区,且囊肿活动度较大,形态改变明显,彩色多普勒不能明确其内部是否有血流、是否与心腔相通,与二尖瓣附瓣鉴别困难。左心声学造影可清晰显示囊肿形态结构,为一孤立充盈缺损区,其与外侧组乳头肌相连,形态随心动周期改变明显,且其内部无造影剂回声充盈提示内部无血供且与心腔无交通,排除二尖瓣附瓣诊断。
 
术后病理证实囊肿内部为血栓样物质,其内未见细胞,且囊肿外壁完整,故彩色多普勒显示其内未见明显血流信号;左心声学造影示其内也未见明显造影剂回声充盈。治疗方案主要根据囊肿大小、位置及患者临床症状决定是否干预,无症状患儿定期复查即可。本例患者囊肿较大,累及二尖瓣、乳头肌及腱索,活动度较大,引起左室流出道梗阻及二尖瓣关闭不良;患者出现临床症状,须行手术治疗,且二尖瓣受累严重,无法行瓣膜修复术,故行二尖瓣置换术。患者术后恢复顺利,1周后出院。
 
原始出处:

何俊,何亚峰,吴洋,马小静.左心声学造影诊断二尖瓣血性囊肿1例[J].临床超声医学杂志,2018(09):613+628.

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    2019-04-05 wwzzly
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    2019-04-05 sodoo

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