以水痘、过敏性紫癜为表现的艾滋病并发梅毒

2019-01-21 卢英杰 田亚平 于艳 临床皮肤科杂志

患者男,22 岁。发热 1 个月,头面部及上肢水疱及 溃疡,下肢瘀点及瘀斑伴关节痛 4 d,于 2016 年 8 月27 日就诊于吉林大学白求恩第一医院皮肤科。 1 个月前患 者无明显诱因出现发热,体温在 38 ℃~40 ℃之间,24 h 体温波动范围不超过 2 ℃,于当地医院给予阿昔洛韦抗 病毒(具体不详)、头孢呋辛抗感染(具体不详)及对症 支持等治疗,体温可降至 37 ℃,后又升高,体温反复在

1 病历资料

患者男,22 岁。发热 1 个月,头面部及上肢水疱及 溃疡,下肢瘀点及瘀斑伴关节痛 4 d,于 2016 年 8 月27 日就诊于吉林大学白求恩第一医院皮肤科。 1 个月前患 者无明显诱因出现发热,体温在 38 ℃~40 ℃之间,24 h 体温波动范围不超过 2 ℃,于当地医院给予阿昔洛韦抗 病毒(具体不详)、头孢呋辛抗感染(具体不详)及对症 支持等治疗,体温可降至 37 ℃,后又升高,体温反复在 37 ℃~39 ℃之间波动。4 d 前头面部皮肤出现数个水疱 伴有瘙痒,水疱逐渐增多,之后水疱破裂,上肢皮肤也 出现类似皮损。下肢皮肤出现紫红色大小不等的皮损, 双侧踝关节轻度肿胀,疼痛明显。个人史:多次同性性 接触史3年。既往史: 10年前曾患肾型过敏性紫癜,否认家族有类似疾病患者。 

体格检查:体温 38.4 ℃,脉搏 100 次/分,呼吸 24 次/分,血压 164/109 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),精神 欠佳,双肺呼吸音粗,未闻及干、湿性啰音,腹平软,脾 肋下约 1 cm,双下肢轻度凹陷性水肿,脑膜刺激征阴 性。皮肤科检查:头面部、双上肢皮肤散在黄豆至指甲 大的红色斑疹,边界模糊不清,多数皮损表面坏死、溃 疡及结痂,伴有脓性渗出物;双侧小腿、踝部及足背皮 肤散在米粒至黄豆大的紫红色瘀点及瘀斑(图 1A~C)。

实验室及辅助检查:血单核细胞 0.94×109/L[正常 值(0.1~0.6)×109/L,以下同],CD4 细胞总数 236 个/μL (600~1200 个/μL),凝血功能正常,抗单纯疱疹病毒 (HSV) -Ⅰ型 IgM(-),抗 HSV-Ⅱ型 IgM(-),肝、肾功 正常,乙肝表面抗原:阴性,丙肝表面抗体:阴性;尿蛋 白(+),粪常规正常;快速血浆反应素环状卡片实验 (RPR)阳性,滴度 1∶256,梅毒螺旋体抗体颗粒凝集试 验(TPPA)阳性,脑脊液正常;人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)抗体初筛试验(+),抗 HIV 抗体确证试验(+);心电图、 消化及泌尿系统超声、胸部正位 X 线片无异常;前臂 皮损组织病理:大量浆痂,表皮内水疱,毛囊上皮受累, 真皮内多数中性粒细胞浸润,伴有组织坏死(图 2A);前臂皮损溃疡边缘组织病理:真皮内多数气球样细胞 (图 2B);小腿皮损组织病理:真皮内小血管壁纤维蛋 白样变性,周围中性粒细胞浸润,并可见核尘(图 2C)。





诊断:艾滋病;梅毒;水痘;过敏性紫癜。

2 讨 论

HIV 感染和(或)艾滋病(AIDS)相关皮肤病指的 是 HIV 感染和(或)AIDS 患者特有的患病率、病程、严 重程度和治疗效果与正常人群有所改变的皮肤病,是 HIV 感染和(或)AIDS 最常见的并发疾病之一。AIDS患 者免疫功能受抑制常使皮肤病表现出不常见或非典型 的临床表现,如 HIV 阳性的水痘患者表现为脓疱、溃疡 性皮损,与二期梅毒的脓疱性梅毒疹及播散性单纯疱疹 类似,临床上容易误诊,这 3 种疾病可通过二期梅毒组 织病理特点[1]和单纯疱疹抗体检测结果相鉴别。HIV 主 要侵犯 T 淋巴细胞,故 AIDS 的表现以免疫功能低下的 症状为常见,患者可能因皮肤黏膜损害首先来到皮肤性 病科就诊,临床上亦呈现多样化表现,首发症状常因致 病原因和侵犯部位而不同,临床上极易出现漏诊。有资 料表明,目前由于临床医生对 AIDS 没有足够的重视, 首次误诊为其他疾病较为常见[2]。因此,当遇到不常见或 不典型的临床表现时,应追溯其致病原因,需要警惕艾 滋病的可能,这样才能找到正确的诊断思路。

HIV与血管炎的内在联系尚不明确,可能存在以下 机制:①HIV 导致的免疫功能障碍,是一种异常的免疫 激活状态,可诱发高丙种球蛋白血症和高循环免疫复合 物的沉积和自身免疫疾病,进而导致血管炎的发生;② HIV 可能对血管内皮细胞产生直接的作用[3];③药物诱 发的超敏反应、感染状态都可能促进了艾滋病患者发 生血管炎[4];④Epstein-Barr Virus(EB 病毒, EBV)、巨 细胞病毒和乙肝病毒也与 HIV 感染的患者发生血管 炎有着密切的联系[5]。

 过敏性紫癜是一种累及皮肤及其他器官的毛细血 管及细小血管的系统性血管炎,大多数并发艾滋病患 者会出现 CD4 细胞计数的下降和丙肝病毒的感染,过 敏性紫癜并发艾滋病同时感染乙肝病毒的患者也有报 道[6],在抗逆转录病毒治疗后,临床病情可得到改善[7]。 HIV 和(或)AIDS 伴发梅毒、水痘均有文献报道,但 HIV 和(或)AIDS 并发过敏性紫癜[8]且乙肝病毒表面抗原、丙肝病毒表面抗体阴性的患者国内外极为罕见。 本例患者 HIV 抗体阳性,发热 1 个月,伴有同性 性接触史和条件致病菌感染,可明确地诊断为艾滋病。 本例患者皮损特点如下:皮损主要分布在头部及四肢; 这两种皮损完全分离,不存在混合现象;水痘皮损坏 死、溃疡多见。

本例患者为感染 HIV 的成年男性,未感 染乙型肝炎及丙型肝炎病毒,肾脏受累较轻,经过抗 病毒和免疫调节治疗使皮损得到了改善,推测HIV 血 症和免疫功能失调可能会加重该患者过敏性紫癜的病 情。值得注意的是,过敏性紫癜同时伴有条件致病菌 感染时,临床医生应加强对此类患者艾滋病的筛查

参考文献略。

原始出处:

卢英杰,田亚平,于艳,郑华,刘鹤松,崔岩. 以水痘、过敏性紫癜为表现的艾滋病并发梅毒[J]. 临床皮肤科杂志,2018,47(12):786-788.

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    2019-09-02 丁鹏鹏
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    2019-01-22 Janeinair

    这小伙太年轻了

    0

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