2012搞笑诺奖:如何防止做肠镜时被“爆肠”?

2014-09-10 箫汲 MedSci原创

今年的搞笑诺贝尔医学奖授予艾曼纽勒·本-苏桑(Emmanuel Ben-Soussan)和米歇尔·安东涅蒂(Michel Antonietti),以表彰他们为了防止病人的肠子在做肠镜时爆炸所做的贡献。 上面的话有点拗口,用比较通俗的话来说,就是从前有个人去医院做肠镜,然后他的肠子爆炸了。而这届的医学奖获得者的研究则可以有效预防病人的肠子在做肠镜时爆炸。所以,他们进行的其实真的是非常严肃而实用的研

今年的搞笑诺贝尔医学奖授予艾曼纽勒·本-苏桑(Emmanuel Ben-Soussan)和米歇尔·安东涅蒂(Michel Antonietti),以表彰他们为了防止病人的肠子在做肠镜时爆炸所做的贡献。

上面的话有点拗口,用比较通俗的话来说,就是从前有个人去医院做肠镜,然后他的肠子爆炸了。而这届的医学奖获得者的研究则可以有效预防病人的肠子在做肠镜时爆炸。所以,他们进行的其实真的是非常严肃而实用的研究……

肠子为什么会爆炸 

一般来说,普通的诊断性结肠镜是不存在肠道爆炸的风险的。但是当医生用结肠镜来处理肠道内的一些病灶,如肠息肉、肠道出血等时,还需要使用一些能释放电火花的工具,用电火花的高温来切除组织或凝固血管。如果此时肠腔内存在爆燃性气体,那么肠道就有可能爆炸。

内镜下电灼技术切除肠息肉示意图(图片来自:colorectalsurgeonssydney.com) A. 全套器从内镜钳道伸出,并套住息肉的蒂;B. 收紧圈套器套环并通电;C. 用圈套器电灼方式完整切除息肉。切口因为经过电灼,所以出血少。 内镜下电灼技术切除肠息肉示意图(图片来自:colorectalsurgeonssydney.com) A. 全套器从内镜钳道伸出,并套住息肉的蒂;B. 收紧圈套器套环并通电;C. 用圈套器电灼方式完整切除息肉。切口因为经过电灼,所以出血少。

Ben-Soussan在一篇综述[1]中对容易引发肠道爆炸的情况进行了详细的分析——要使得肠腔内的气体燃爆,肠腔内必须有足够多的可燃性气体、氧气和热源。这三种因素里,在进行肠镜治疗时,电火花这一热源是不可消除的,那么唯有减少肠腔内可燃性气体和减少氧气这两种途径来解决。

据他分析,肠腔内的可燃性气体主要有氢气和甲烷两种,当氢气的浓度超过4%,甲烷超过5%时,就会发生燃爆。肠腔内的氢气和甲烷主要来自定植于肠道的大肠杆菌(E.coli),这些细菌会发酵某些食物成分,释放出这些可燃气体。肠道准备剂也可能存在类似的影响,肠道准备剂是在患者接受肠镜以前需要服用的药物,通常是一些导泻剂,以导泻的方式在术前将肠道清洗干净,以防肠道内积存的大便影响肠镜操作。悲剧的是,过去医生常用的肠镜前的肠道准备剂——甘露醇和山梨醇,经大肠杆菌发酵以后就会大量产生氢气和甲烷……所以,预防肠道爆炸的最好方法(之一)就是不使用甘露醇或山梨醇作为肠镜治疗前的肠道准备药物。不过常规的肠镜诊断性检查仍然可以使用甘露醇(因为不需要用到电火花)。

肠道准备剂并非唯一影响肠腔内可燃性气体含量的因素。Ben-Soussan还对不同的肠道准备方法——口服导泻剂与灌肠,进行了比较。结论是相比口服肠道准备剂(非甘露醇),灌肠后肠腔内可燃性气体的含量更高,发生肠道爆炸的几率也比较高。

以上解决的是可燃性气体的问题,对于如何减少肠腔内氧气的问题,则应该从肠道内注入的气体着手。肠道是一个管状的空腔脏器,通常都处于空瘪的状态,医生想在内镜下把肠腔看清楚的话,就要在肠道内注入一些气体。一般医生注入的都是空气,氧气就是这样进入肠腔的。因此要减少肠腔内的氧气,只要在做肠镜时,使用惰性的二氧化碳,而非普通的空气给肠腔内打气就行了,Ben-Soussan如是说。

因此,Ben-Soussan总结的预防肠道爆炸的不二法门就呼之欲出了:1.做肠镜治疗前尽量用口服导泻剂,不要用灌肠做肠道准备;2.口服导泻剂不可以使用甘露醇或山梨醇或任何可能产生可燃性气体的药物;3.给肠子充气的时候不要用空气,而是用二氧化碳。

如果认真做到以上3点的话,应该可以最大限度的预防肠道爆炸的发生。

这么一看,这次的医学奖获得者还真是实至名归,做出了非常伟大的贡献呢。

肠子真的爆炸过... 

另外一个题外话是,跟很多成功人士一样,也许大家也会很像知道他们是怎么会想到研究这么一个非常符合搞笑诺贝尔奖精神,而又非常有意义的研究的呢?如果追溯Ben-Soussan和Antonietti在数年前发表的另一项研究[2],也许我们可以获得一些蛛丝马迹。

在那项研究中,这二位科学家试图研究不同肠道准备方法对肠镜下治疗出血性放射性直肠炎的术后并发症的影响。结果在研究过程中,有三位使用灌肠作为肠道准备的受试者的肠子不幸……爆炸了。可以想象这是多么惨痛而又刻骨铭心的记忆,这可能是促使二位科学家在如何预防肠子爆炸这一严肃而又重要的科学课题上做出重大贡献的一个契机。现在已经很少有人使用灌肠的方法进行肠道准备了,Ben-Soussan会在他的研究中特别用一整段来论述灌肠的害处,想必当年的心理创伤应该不轻……

不管怎么说,这一切都过去了。采用新的肠道准备原则以后,貌似还没有出现过肠道爆炸的惨剧,说明Ben-Soussan等人的研究成果还是经得起考验的。从此以后,病人们去医院做肠镜的时候,再也不用担心自己的肠子会爆炸了,这听起来似乎还挺振奋人心的么不是?

参考文献:

[1] Colonic gas explosion during therapeutic colonoscopy with electrocautery

[2] Argon plasma coagulation in the treatment of hemorrhagic radiation proctitis is efficient but requires a perfect colonic cleansing to be safe

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    2015-05-27 gujh
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2076707, encodeId=81ac20e67074e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c3d556911fb' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#搞笑诺奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=17, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56911, encryptionId=c3d556911fb, topicName=搞笑诺奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3333505, createdName=gujh, createdTime=Wed May 27 06:10:00 CST 2015, time=2015-05-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=11961, encodeId=a47b11961d3, content=这个能申请基金的咩?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=103, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1f12108544, createdName=taddy, createdTime=Sat Oct 04 10:51:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1434412, encodeId=33bd143441269, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=95de81e4889' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肠镜#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81748, encryptionId=95de81e4889, topicName=肠镜)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=zhouqu_8, createdTime=Fri Sep 12 02:10:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1462246, encodeId=4277146224626, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5c0c9191e10' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诺奖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91917, encryptionId=5c0c9191e10, topicName=诺奖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=395f25, createdName=爆笑小医, createdTime=Fri Sep 12 02:10:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1561803, encodeId=3696156180356, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=12c756910c5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#搞笑#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56910, encryptionId=12c756910c5, topicName=搞笑)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=053115208912, createdName=hb2013ye, createdTime=Fri Sep 12 02:10:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1567812, encodeId=4be8156e812ab, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=12c756910c5' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#搞笑#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56910, encryptionId=12c756910c5, topicName=搞笑)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/aLGWoFXAyMbIu3qymFOyheQLjPSX3OUs5GmkyBlcCOwTPIeq3why9NGibxxUqYo6hcx8qZLHZFgNPnBK1yzWeOFpyg2OnWOt0/0, createdBy=fa4716, createdName=仁心济世, createdTime=Fri Sep 12 02:10:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-10-04 taddy

    这个能申请基金的咩?

    0

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    2014-09-12 zhouqu_8
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    2014-09-12 hb2013ye
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