周巧玲:药物性肾损害及临床防治对策

2014-10-27 中南大学湘雅医院肾内科 周巧玲 中国医学论坛报

有资料显示,在ATN的病因调查中,由药物所导致的ATN占50%左右,其中,抗生素导致AKI的问题尤为突出。 药物导致AKI的可能原因为:肾脏血流丰富、细胞表面积大、肾脏的逆流倍增系统以及肾脏氧耗量大。可能的机理包括直接损伤、免疫反应、梗阻性损伤、诱发加重、缺血性改变以及细胞损伤因子分泌等。 导致AKI的常见药物有:抗生素类药物、非类固醇类抗炎药、抗肿瘤类药物、造影剂类药物、免疫抑制

有资料显示,在ATN的病因调查中,由药物所导致的ATN占50%左右,其中,抗生素导致AKI的问题尤为突出。

药物导致AKI的可能原因为:肾脏血流丰富、细胞表面积大、肾脏的逆流倍增系统以及肾脏氧耗量大。可能的机理包括直接损伤、免疫反应、梗阻性损伤、诱发加重、缺血性改变以及细胞损伤因子分泌等。

导致AKI的常见药物有:抗生素类药物、非类固醇类抗炎药、抗肿瘤类药物、造影剂类药物、免疫抑制剂、血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)及以关木通为代表的中草药等。

药物性肾损害的临床表现主要为过敏表现及肾脏损伤(尿检及肾功能异常)等。

临床诊断包括:①有药物使用史;②出现全身过敏反应;③尿检异常;④短期内出现进行性肾功能减退。

防治对策如下:①用药前必须询问患者的药物过敏史;②严格掌握用药指征,避免滥用药物;③在应用肾毒性药物后应注意尿量变化,同时对尿酶、尿常规、肾功能以及血、尿嗜酸性粒细胞进行监测,以便早期发现肾脏病变,及时停药;④避免短期内重复用药。老年人及原有肾脏病患者应避免使用肾毒性药物或根据肌酐清除率调整用药。

此外,应禁忌同时应用两种以上肾毒性药物;对血容量不足、低蛋白症、电解质紊乱、严重贫血、肾脏已存在缺血缺氧情况或肾功能不全者,均应加以纠正或根据肾功能合理用药。在用药过程中一旦发生AKI,应立即停止应用致病药物。


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  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=33978, encodeId=b7ee339e84e, content=有时候想做实验又不容易造成肾脏病了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3ykRSkuxjt93yc9tvDWfIQItrwiaKSCps5kyrTyDlwic2FgoCWe88wR3ZiaggKYGueDIp26zVgnbzriaQ/0, createdBy=89d71602869, createdName=sundong, createdTime=Sat Aug 01 14:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=20296, encodeId=410520296f5, content=AKI对心衰临床治疗意义重大,但依然需要研究检验其适用性, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150920/IMG55FDE671A89482379.jpg, createdBy=cef3108336, createdName=x35042875, createdTime=Sat Apr 11 22:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1754604, encodeId=076e1e5460444, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c781825606e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾损害#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82560, encryptionId=c781825606e, topicName=肾损害)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=eaf036768149, createdName=lq0313, createdTime=Sat Mar 14 12:48:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=13045, encodeId=d5e7130453b, content=希望有更细致的介绍, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=650f104372, createdName=gcwu82, createdTime=Thu Dec 11 09:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1540056, encodeId=97e0154005666, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=52f28e736c9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87736, encryptionId=52f28e736c9, topicName=药物性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=55e413178317, createdName=yangfl10, createdTime=Wed Oct 29 01:48:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-08-01 sundong

    有时候想做实验又不容易造成肾脏病了

    0

  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=33978, encodeId=b7ee339e84e, content=有时候想做实验又不容易造成肾脏病了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3ykRSkuxjt93yc9tvDWfIQItrwiaKSCps5kyrTyDlwic2FgoCWe88wR3ZiaggKYGueDIp26zVgnbzriaQ/0, createdBy=89d71602869, createdName=sundong, createdTime=Sat Aug 01 14:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=20296, encodeId=410520296f5, content=AKI对心衰临床治疗意义重大,但依然需要研究检验其适用性, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150920/IMG55FDE671A89482379.jpg, createdBy=cef3108336, createdName=x35042875, createdTime=Sat Apr 11 22:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1754604, encodeId=076e1e5460444, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c781825606e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾损害#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82560, encryptionId=c781825606e, topicName=肾损害)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=eaf036768149, createdName=lq0313, createdTime=Sat Mar 14 12:48:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=13045, encodeId=d5e7130453b, content=希望有更细致的介绍, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=650f104372, createdName=gcwu82, createdTime=Thu Dec 11 09:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1540056, encodeId=97e0154005666, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=52f28e736c9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87736, encryptionId=52f28e736c9, topicName=药物性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=55e413178317, createdName=yangfl10, createdTime=Wed Oct 29 01:48:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-04-11 x35042875

    AKI对心衰临床治疗意义重大,但依然需要研究检验其适用性

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=33978, encodeId=b7ee339e84e, content=有时候想做实验又不容易造成肾脏病了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3ykRSkuxjt93yc9tvDWfIQItrwiaKSCps5kyrTyDlwic2FgoCWe88wR3ZiaggKYGueDIp26zVgnbzriaQ/0, createdBy=89d71602869, createdName=sundong, createdTime=Sat Aug 01 14:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=20296, encodeId=410520296f5, content=AKI对心衰临床治疗意义重大,但依然需要研究检验其适用性, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150920/IMG55FDE671A89482379.jpg, createdBy=cef3108336, createdName=x35042875, createdTime=Sat Apr 11 22:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1754604, encodeId=076e1e5460444, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c781825606e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾损害#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82560, encryptionId=c781825606e, topicName=肾损害)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=eaf036768149, createdName=lq0313, createdTime=Sat Mar 14 12:48:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=13045, encodeId=d5e7130453b, content=希望有更细致的介绍, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=650f104372, createdName=gcwu82, createdTime=Thu Dec 11 09:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1540056, encodeId=97e0154005666, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=52f28e736c9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87736, encryptionId=52f28e736c9, topicName=药物性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=55e413178317, createdName=yangfl10, createdTime=Wed Oct 29 01:48:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2015-03-14 lq0313
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=33978, encodeId=b7ee339e84e, content=有时候想做实验又不容易造成肾脏病了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3ykRSkuxjt93yc9tvDWfIQItrwiaKSCps5kyrTyDlwic2FgoCWe88wR3ZiaggKYGueDIp26zVgnbzriaQ/0, createdBy=89d71602869, createdName=sundong, createdTime=Sat Aug 01 14:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=20296, encodeId=410520296f5, content=AKI对心衰临床治疗意义重大,但依然需要研究检验其适用性, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150920/IMG55FDE671A89482379.jpg, createdBy=cef3108336, createdName=x35042875, createdTime=Sat Apr 11 22:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1754604, encodeId=076e1e5460444, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c781825606e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾损害#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82560, encryptionId=c781825606e, topicName=肾损害)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=eaf036768149, createdName=lq0313, createdTime=Sat Mar 14 12:48:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=13045, encodeId=d5e7130453b, content=希望有更细致的介绍, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=650f104372, createdName=gcwu82, createdTime=Thu Dec 11 09:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1540056, encodeId=97e0154005666, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=52f28e736c9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87736, encryptionId=52f28e736c9, topicName=药物性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=55e413178317, createdName=yangfl10, createdTime=Wed Oct 29 01:48:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-12-11 gcwu82

    希望有更细致的介绍

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=33978, encodeId=b7ee339e84e, content=有时候想做实验又不容易造成肾脏病了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=114, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mONcle9pic3ykRSkuxjt93yc9tvDWfIQItrwiaKSCps5kyrTyDlwic2FgoCWe88wR3ZiaggKYGueDIp26zVgnbzriaQ/0, createdBy=89d71602869, createdName=sundong, createdTime=Sat Aug 01 14:39:00 CST 2015, time=2015-08-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=20296, encodeId=410520296f5, content=AKI对心衰临床治疗意义重大,但依然需要研究检验其适用性, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=113, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20150920/IMG55FDE671A89482379.jpg, createdBy=cef3108336, createdName=x35042875, createdTime=Sat Apr 11 22:30:00 CST 2015, time=2015-04-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1754604, encodeId=076e1e5460444, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=c781825606e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肾损害#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=36, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=82560, encryptionId=c781825606e, topicName=肾损害)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=eaf036768149, createdName=lq0313, createdTime=Sat Mar 14 12:48:00 CST 2015, time=2015-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=13045, encodeId=d5e7130453b, content=希望有更细致的介绍, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=88, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=650f104372, createdName=gcwu82, createdTime=Thu Dec 11 09:08:00 CST 2014, time=2014-12-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1540056, encodeId=97e0154005666, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=52f28e736c9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#药物性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=87736, encryptionId=52f28e736c9, topicName=药物性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=55e413178317, createdName=yangfl10, createdTime=Wed Oct 29 01:48:00 CST 2014, time=2014-10-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]