罕见中央型肺癌并自发性肺扭转一例

2019-08-10 王峰 实用医学影像杂志

患者男,54岁。胸痛、憋闷数周,咳痰伴少许血丝,平日吸烟较重。临床以慢性支气管炎治疗,效果不佳,遂来本院就诊。临床查体未见明显异常。实验室检查阴性。

患者男,54岁。胸痛、憋闷数周,咳痰伴少许血丝,平日吸烟较重。临床以慢性支气管炎治疗,效果不佳,遂来本院就诊。临床查体未见明显异常。实验室检查阴性。

影像检查:患者行站立位胸正侧像数字X线摄影(DR)拍片,正位片显示右肺内带近肺门旁丘状团块状致密影,外侧缘边界部分清晰,右肺门角消失,透过病变阴影其后方肺纹理紊乱,似有交叉现象,右下肺动脉干边界不清;右侧位片阴影位于前下方,相当于右肺中叶的位置,其内可见肺纹理影,密度均匀,右上肺纹理略显稀疏,右侧膈顶略抬高(图1、2);胸部动态透视观察:仰卧位时病变致密影迅速转移至右上肺,呈致密片状影,其内无支气管气像,右肺门影增大、浓密。病变下缘略向上弓状弯曲;站立位时病变回到右下肺内带与正位胸部X线片显示相同,期间患者并无明显不适。


图1右肺门下团块致密影,右膈略抬高;图2侧位相当于右肺中叶病变密度均匀

CT扫描显示:扫描定位像病变转移至右上肺;右肺上叶支气管截断,右肺上叶呈楔形高密度影,其内密度不均,可见类圆形低密度影及点状钙化影。纵隔淋巴结肿大部分钙化。左侧支气管通畅(图3、4)。影像诊断:右肺中央型肺癌并自发性肺扭转。

图3同一天CT扫描定位像示病变转移至右上肺,病变下缘平直;图4CT平扫右上肺病变密度不均,右上肺气管截断

讨论

肺扭转常见于胸部外科手术后,尤其多见肺切除术后,有报道统计约占42%,其次是肺移植术后,而自发性肺扭转罕见。肺扭转是支气管血管蒂发生扭转,早期诊断较为困难,临床缺少特异性,多为单侧发生,无明显发病年龄趋势,其他常见症状还包括:发热、咳嗽、痰中带血,气短、呼吸衰竭及白细胞增多等。影像学X线表现为患侧胸腔内实变影随体位变化而发生迅速转移,即病灶随检查体位变化而不断变化,此征象具有诊断的特异性,因此胸部动态透视是较好的检查手段。

CT或磁共振成像(MRI)可显示交叉成角的肺血管和气管,这有助于诊断。支气管镜检查发现支气管闭塞、扭曲或呈“鱼口征”时可提示肺扭转。临床肺扭转的病因主要有以下几方面:①胸部外科手术后,包括肺叶切除、肺移植、食管肿瘤切除及主动脉大血管手术后等导致肺门结构破坏、肺韧带松弛及肺蒂较长,使肺扭转可能性增加;②支气管肿瘤、支气管异物及肺炎使得肺组织继发肺不张、肺实变,由于肺组织重力分布不均匀,可以发生自发性肺扭转;③肺移植体积与胸腔大小不匹配,也可发生肺扭转;④较重的气胸、胸腔积液复张过程可能发生肺扭转;⑤胸腔镜肺叶切除,关闭胸腔时视野暴露不佳,易发生肺扭转;⑥外科手术中肺叶翻转,关胸前未进行复位。

所有肺叶均可发生肺扭转,最常见的是右上肺叶切除后右中叶的扭转,多数肺扭转为顺时针180°扭转,支气管血管蒂部分扭转或扭转时间较短时,肺组织有血供,不容易发生坏死。如果肺扭转引起血管阻塞,导致静脉回流障碍及肺实质淤血后很快出现静脉梗死或坏疽,因此发现肺扭转时临床以胸部急症来进行处理。文献报道,肺扭转保守治疗仅占10%,绝大部分患者采取外科手术治疗,以降低患者突发死亡的概率。

本病例是由右肺中央型肺癌引起的自发性肺扭转,可能原因是肺癌引起右上肺不张致单位肺组织质量增加,随体位变化,为其发生扭转提供了一定基础,当体位回复时病变肺组织亦回到原来位置。影像诊断肺扭转应注意动态观察病变,另外透过病变组织发现交叉肺纹理也可提示本病。

原始出处:

王峰.罕见中央型肺癌并自发性肺扭转一例[J].实用医学影像杂志,2018(02):183-184.

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    2020-03-05 huagfeg
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    2019-09-22 lhlxtx
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    2019-08-12 syscxl
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    2019-08-12 sodoo

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