Goldenhar综合征合并喉软骨发育不全患儿眼科手术麻醉一例

2019-11-05 李方舟 梁鹏 刘进 临床麻醉学杂志

患儿,男,3月龄,4kg,因“发现左眼角结膜肿物及右眼结膜肿物3月”入院,患儿出生后查见双眼肿物,双眼肿物随患儿长大而增大,门诊诊断:角结膜皮样囊肿,建议行角膜移植手术治疗。患儿出生后由于呼吸困难,曾诊断先天性喉软骨发育不全,未予以特殊治疗。查体:意识清楚,下颌骨发育不全,全面横裂,双侧附耳,心肺查体无特殊,四肢脊柱无特殊。实验室检查无特殊。

患儿,男,3月龄,4kg,因“发现左眼角结膜肿物及右眼结膜肿物3月”入院,患儿出生后查见双眼肿物,双眼肿物随患儿长大而增大,门诊诊断:角结膜皮样囊肿,建议行角膜移植手术治疗。患儿出生后由于呼吸困难,曾诊断先天性喉软骨发育不全,未予以特殊治疗。查体:意识清楚,下颌骨发育不全,全面横裂,双侧附耳,心肺查体无特殊,四肢脊柱无特殊。实验室检查无特殊。
 
专科查体:右眼肿物侵及角巩膜缘,左眼睑闭合不全,上睑内侧缘睑缘不规则缺损,颞下方上皮样组织增生突出结膜面,覆盖颞下方约4/5角膜。本次拟全麻下行角膜移植术。患儿入室后哭闹,可见明显吸气三凹征,伴喉喘鸣音。常规安置心电监护,HR162次/分,RR45次/分,SpO2 100%,无静脉通路。给予6%七氟醚预冲呼吸回路后保留自主呼吸面罩吸入诱导,待患儿意识消失后,建立静脉通路,此时HR139次/分,RR24次/分,VT35~40ml;建立静脉通路期间患儿RR下降至12次/分,VT下降至15~20ml,调整吸入七氟醚浓度为5%,RR和VT逐渐恢复。
 
完善静脉通路后给予咪达唑仑0.4mg,阿托品0.08mg,芬太尼5μg,保留患儿自主呼吸下置入1.0号普通喉罩,自主呼吸模式,HR146次/分,RR25次/分,VT38~45ml,术中予以3%七氟醚维持,手术开始时予以奥布卡因滴眼液滴眼,术中患儿生命体征平稳,喉罩通气满意,手术历时127min,手术结束停七氟醚,5min后患儿清醒拔除喉罩,拔除喉罩后患儿安静休息,HR139次/分,SpO2 100%,RR28次/分,轻度吸气三凹征,安全转运至PACU,术后2d患儿康复出院。术后1周眼科门诊回访,患儿意识清楚,安静休息,未见明显吸气性三凹征,未见麻醉相关并发症。
 
讨论
 
Goldenhar综合征(Goldenhar syndrome,GS),是一种在胚胎早期以眼、耳、颜面和脊柱发育异常为主要特征表现的先天缺陷,包括面部异常、耳异常、眼异常、脊柱发育缺陷和先天性心脏病,部分病例存在内分泌激素水平的异常。Goldenhar综合征患儿往往合并下颌发育不良、口腔牙列不整齐、上腭高拱,悬雍垂裂等,这些颜面征均提示存在困难气道的风险,甚至随着患儿年龄增长,困难气道会越来越严重。
 
有学者提出合并下颌发育异常的患者,预测其喉镜暴露困难的敏感性为100%,特异性为96%。喉软骨发育不全是婴儿期喉喘鸣的主要发生,目前发病机制尚不明确,可能是由于喉软骨发育不良、软化,吸气时声门上部软组织向内塌陷,堵塞喉腔上口,使喉腔容积变小;且患儿会厌卷曲,喉入口呈狭长裂缝,加重气道阻塞。
 
本例患儿为Goldenhar综合征合并先天性喉软骨发育不全。术前可见明显的下颌发育不良,面横裂、喉喘鸣、吸气三凹征等体征。以上体征则提示麻醉诱导和复苏过程中存在无法插管、无法通气、术后气道塌陷、再插管的可能。且患儿年幼,无法配合清醒局麻插管,因此保留自主呼吸的麻醉诱导应作为首选。一般采用七氟醚进行诱导,吸入浓度6%~8%,新生儿和低体重儿则可以采用浓度递增法,在提供充分镇静的同时,可以良好地保留自主呼吸,同时可评价是否存在通气困难。与保留自主呼吸的气管插管全麻比较,保留自主呼吸的喉罩全麻对气道刺激小,损伤小,不影响气管上皮纤毛运动,术后肺部感染的发生率低,降低术后气道水肿、气道塌陷、再插管的风险。同时保留自主呼吸的喉罩全麻具有较好耐受性,相较于气管插管而言,可以相对减少诱导和术中麻醉药物的使用。因此对于此类非必须气管插管手术,可考虑保留自主呼吸下喉罩全麻,在保证通气良好的同时,降低人工气道建立的难度和术后各种并发症的发生率。
 
对于必须行气管插管者,插管前不予肌松药,插管时应注意此类患儿声门暴露欠佳,插管难度大,插管前准备工作应充分,且应由技术熟练者操作。麻醉复苏时,考虑到患儿存在呼吸道发育畸形应高度警惕拔除气管导管后气道塌陷、气道水肿导致无法通气、憋喘的可能,应严格掌握拔管时机和指征。Goldernhar综合征患儿的气道管理是整个麻醉管理的重中之重,选择合适的气道管理方案,可以在满足通气和手术需要的同时,减少麻醉相关并发症。此外,还应兼顾并存的疾病制定个体化的麻醉方案。
 
原始出处:

李方舟,梁鹏,刘进.Goldenhar综合征合并喉软骨发育不全患儿眼科手术麻醉一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2018,34(11):1140.

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    2019-11-07 neurowu
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    2019-11-07 小刀医生
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