浑浊空气或可导致阿尔茨海默氏病

2017-02-14 唐一尘 科学网

在一个距离高速公路约100米的停车场中,一辆白色拖车上的巨大铝管引人注目。这只铝管每分钟能吸收数百升由30多万辆汽车和柴油卡车排放的废气。而年轻的化学工程师Arian Saffari则蜷缩在拖车里,将收集到的气体注入一个复杂的过滤系统。这些废气中包含了硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵、炭黑和重金属颗粒,这些微粒比人类头发丝直径小200倍。在南加利福尼亚大学(USC)Constantinos Sioutas实




在一个距离高速公路约100米的停车场中,一辆白色拖车上的巨大铝管引人注目。这只铝管每分钟能吸收数百升由30多万辆汽车和柴油卡车排放的废气。

而年轻的化学工程师Arian Saffari则蜷缩在拖车里,将收集到的气体注入一个复杂的过滤系统。这些废气中包含了硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵、炭黑和重金属颗粒,这些微粒比人类头发丝直径小200倍。

在南加利福尼亚大学(USC)Constantinos Sioutas实验室中工作的Saffari表示,这些微粒由于过小,无法被很多空气污染监测设备精确测量。

这些直径通常小于0.2μm的“超微”颗粒被划分至俗称PM2.5的粒径范围内。而PM2.5这一空气污染物级别涵盖了直径2.5 μm及以下的微粒。在谈到毒性时,微粒的尺寸显得尤为重要:直径越小,越容易接触到细胞,因此氧化压力的程度也就越高,其结果是会产生化学活性分子,比如某些能够破坏DNA及其他细胞结构的过氧化物。

是否存在联系?

吸入超微颗粒污染物已被确定是一种健康风险,因为它能够引发诸如哮喘、肺癌等疾病,最近甚至还发生了引发心脏病的案例。而且,越来越多的证据表明它还能伤害大脑,加速认知老化,甚至可能增加阿尔茨海默氏症及其他痴呆症的患病几率。

目前空气污染与痴呆症之间是否存在联系仍有争议,甚至该观点的支持者也提出警告,表示需要进一步研究证实两者之间的因果关联,并要清楚微粒是如何进入大脑并在里面兴风作浪的。

然而,越来越多的流行病研究、动物模型和人类脑部造影的最新发现,以及能模拟暴露在PM2.5环境中的高精尖技术,全部将警报升级。事实上,一项长达11年的流行病研究显示,生活在高出PM2.5标准值环境中的老年女性罹患痴呆病的几率高于正常环境两倍。(标准值是由美国环境署给出的12 μg/m3的限值。)USC凯克医学院流行病学家陈居泉(音译)表示,如果这个调查结果在普遍人群中被证实了,那么世界范围内大约21%的老年痴呆病的诱因将归咎于空气污染。

另一项研究则加深了人们对该问题的关注,加拿大多伦多大学研究人员在《柳叶刀》期刊上的报道称,在安大略省,有将近660万人住在主路附近50米的范围内,与距主路150米远的地方相比,该范围内细颗粒污染物浓度通常要高出10倍,这部分人群罹患痴呆症的概率比住在距主路200米远的人群高出了12%。

印第安纳大学神经系统科学家Michelle Block提醒大家,尽管目前对这个领域的研究尚处于初期,但对于不断钻研污染与人类大脑之间是否存在联系的研究人员来说,这仍是一个“令人激动的时刻”。并且如果这个调查结果被证实了,也许能够帮助公共卫生专家大幅降低阿尔茨海默氏症患病几率,给目前这个仍无法治愈的严重病症一个光明的前景。

患上老年痴呆的狗

早在2000年初,墨西哥城有一只年迈的宠物狗得了痴呆症,而且很多狗发疯,这提供了室内空气污染能引发神经退行性疾病的首个线索。美国蒙大拿大学神经科学家Lilian Calderón-Garcidue?as细心地发现,那些生活在空气污染严重地区的老年狗狗们越发变得痴呆而又糊涂,不仅方向感越来越差,甚至连自己的主人都很难认出。

之后,通过对比研究,Calderón-Garcidue?as发现,与生活在空气污染情况相对较轻地区的狗相比,空气污染严重地区狗狗脑中的蛋白质淀粉样蛋白B的细胞外沉积物更多,这种物质与阿尔兹海默氏症患者脑中发现的“斑块”有关。

为了进一步确认两者之间的联系,Calderón-Garcidue?as又对生活在墨西哥地区因故丧命的儿童和成年人大脑进行了研究,结果发现人类大脑中这些斑块的数量也有了显着提升。这些异常表示作为大脑免疫细胞的神经胶质细胞出现了异常活跃的发炎症状。

虽然,这些研究并没有进行严格控制,或者说实验还未得到充足证据证明淀粉样蛋白斑的出现暗示着老年痴呆症。但是在她之后的研究结果充分肯定了这一发现。

其中,那些在110高速公路收集污染空气样本的管子起到了很大作用。Sioutas和同事,用医院雾化器雾化污染物,然后把雾化过的污染物用导管输送至一个装有试验鼠的笼子中。这些老鼠体内已经被植入人类淀粉样蛋白B。对照组老鼠则能呼吸新鲜干净的空气。

220小时后,两组老鼠被送往USC另外一个团队手里,他们负责对老鼠进行解剖实验,检查一下老鼠的脑中是否含有神经变性的标志物。

Caleb Finch和Todd Morgan两位神经系统学家负责对进行分析。他们发现那些吸入了大量有害物质气体的老鼠,其大脑的星形胶质细胞释放出大量的炎症分子,包括肿瘤坏死因子a。该因子同样大量存在于阿尔兹海默氏症患者的大脑,这种因子与记忆丧失密切相关。而且,吸入污染气体的老鼠的大脑也展现出其他脑部受损症状。

追踪颗粒袭击大脑

不过,空气中的这些有害颗粒物如何从啮齿动物的鼻腔钻入大脑的依然成谜。

于是,纽约罗切斯特大学Günter Oberd?rster研究组,使用可追踪的放射性碳元素,验证了直径小于200纳米的可吸入性颗粒物能穿过啮齿动物鼻腔内的脆弱组织,沿着神经元游走,进而扩展至小脑——这个位于大脑后面的器官,对大脑的发炎起着开关作用。

为了进一步证明可吸入性有害颗粒物是否可以进入人类大脑,研究人员还需要进行更多研究,以分析空气暴露和脑部扫描成像间的关联。

但美国多哈市国立环境卫生科学研究所(NIEHS)的项目主管Kimberly Gray表示,想要证明可吸入性有害颗粒物会进入人类大脑是一个难以实现的实验,因为长期以来,在美国还有其他国家缺少关于污染暴露的历史医疗数据。

不过,去年九月,有一篇涉及18篇流行病学研究论文的综述文章发布于《神经毒理学》。这篇文章总结了来自欧盟、中国大陆、中国台湾、英国以及美国等国家和地区的实验研究,结果显示,所有这些国家的人民暴露于至少一种有毒有害成分空气中时,势必会产生与痴呆有关的症状。

该文章第一作者、波士顿大学流行病学家Jennifer Weuve说,他们呼吸的空气中,每立方米增加10微克,其记忆和关注力测验成绩就会下滑。

成像研究也揭示了,污染物是如何进入大脑的。通过分析脑部核磁共振成像,哈佛大学医学院研究人员发现,生活在主干道附近的居民,大脑量更少。该研究甚至还兼顾了教育、吸烟、糖尿病和心血管疾病等因素。

该成果发表后不久,USC的 Chen也报告了另一个脑萎缩结果,长期暴露在含有直径达2.5微米的微小空气污染颗粒的空气中,会使老年女性患痴呆症的风险增加90%以上。

现在,全世界来自流行病学方面的关于阿尔兹海默症与空气污染之间关系的研究数量越来越多,很多动物模型和人类大脑成像的研究以及不断发展的研究PM2.5暴露的技术越加复杂,人们日渐意识到空气污染对健康造成的严重危害。

如果PM2.5无法得到有效管控的话,那么雾霾天气对人体的危害就像吸烟一样。但你可以远离吸烟人士,却无法不呼吸空气。“我认为,空气污染跟吸烟一样,没有安全阈值。”Finch说。

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    2017-02-15 虈亣靌

    好东西大家一起学!

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