Intens Care Med:食道压力测量理解和临床应用的10个建议

2018-04-17 吴燕妮 重症医学

食管压力(Pes)是胸腔压力(Ppl)的有效替代物,在50多年的研究中被证明是一个有用的参数。一个应用是测量跨肺压(PL),这是肺膨胀的压力;另一个应用是评估呼吸肌活动时的患者的努力程度。最近的肺安全国际研究显示,在急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者中,Pes的使用率不到1%。因此,食道压力测量很有可能会被纳入到临床指南中。在此,我们提出并描述了10个在适当测量和解释ARDS患者Pes时需要考虑的


介绍

食管压力(Pes)是胸腔压力(Ppl)的有效替代物,在50多年的研究中被证明是一个有用的参数。一个应用是测量跨肺压(PL),这是肺膨胀的压力;另一个应用是评估呼吸肌活动时的患者的努力程度。最近的肺安全国际研究显示,在急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者中,Pes的使用率不到1%。因此,食道压力测量很有可能会被纳入到临床指南中。在此,我们提出并描述了10个在适当测量和解释ARDS患者Pes时需要考虑的建议。

促进理解和临床应用食道压力测量的建议

1、理解介绍的技术。有几个商业上可用的食道球囊。所有类型的食道球囊都是经鼻(≈55厘米)或经口(≈40厘米),直达到胃,然后充入足够的气体。然后,球囊被取出,直到压力描记上出现心影,表明压力测量(球囊)位于食管的下三分之一。由于鼻胃管的存在对于PES测量似乎没有明显影响,除了已经到位的饲养管路外,还可以使用食道导管。

2、理解球囊充盈和确认试验。非应力容积是指足够的充盈量,不因充盈量低而低估Pes,也不因球囊的牵拉而高估Pes。非应力容积取决于球囊种类和周围的压力。此外,为了尽量减少食管壁弹性的影响,应用最小的非应力容积来精确测量Pes。这个容积可以通过测量逐渐填充盈球囊后的压力变化来获得,同时知道周围的压力:这个值已经被每一个商业上可用的导管仔细评估,并且当测量压力更高时,这个值会趋于更高。或者,可以使用简单的校正,包括当在机体内测量这种关系时,减去由充盈球囊产生的对食道的弹性压力。然后通过阻塞试验确认食管球囊的位置,使用胸部加压(被动患者)或吸气努力动作(自主呼吸患者)对呼气末阻塞。其基本原理是,阻塞不导致PL产生净变化(即零流量),气道压力(Paw)的变化应反映食管球囊测量的局部Ppl的变化(即ΔPes/ΔPaw = 1.0 ± 0.2)。

3、根据局部Ppl,了解绝对Pes所反映的肺区域。静态Ppl沿压力梯度由非依赖区上升到依赖区域。因此,肺区Pes是否反映局部Ppl尚不确定。最近一项使用Ppl传感器的验证Pes的试验表明,如果正确校准 (即最小的非应力容积),Pes将准确地反映食管所在的中部至依赖肺区的Ppl,而不依赖于纵隔结构(图1)。

4、根据局部ΔPpl了解Pes动态变化反映的肺区域。Ppl的动态变化(ΔPpl)是被动或主动吸气引起的。正常的肺被认为是一个连续的弹性系统-表现出类似流体的行为-因此向局部胸膜施加的膨胀压力(即ΔPpl)被延伸到整个肺表面。因此,Pes的变化(ΔPes)代表肺表面各点的ΔPpl。相比之下,严重损伤的肺表现出实体样行为,肺不张区阻碍了ΔPpl的快速延伸;在这种情况下,ΔPes可能不能反映Ppl的整体变化。ΔPes在自主努力时会低估了依赖肺区域的ΔPpl,但在控制呼吸时会高估依赖肺区域的ΔPpl。呼吸肌产生的负压在依赖区可以更低,ΔPES不能很好地反映出来。

5、了解Pes如何使肺膨胀压力得以估计。食管测压法可以计算肺膨胀压力,即跨肺压PL:PL=Paw?Ppl。两种不同的Ppl估计--因此PL—使用食道测压法被广泛接受,一种是基于测量Pes,另一种是基于胸壁与呼吸系统的弹性比。如上文所讨论的,数据表明Pes能准确地反映食管球囊毗邻的依赖区至中部肺区的Ppl;因此,如果肺区是需要保持开放的区域,设置呼气末正压(PEEP)以保持基于Pes正向的PL是合理的。另一种基于弹性比的PL评估是,假设在PL功能残气量(Paw和PPL等于0)时为零,和两个不同的估计,都是从食管测压得到的,得到了非常不同的PL估算。这个问题还有待进一步研究。

6、了解如何在自主呼吸中应用PES。对于有自主努力的ARDS患者进行Pes监测是非常有意义的。首先,临床医生可以通过呼吸和食道压力-时间乘积来评估患者的努力。评估患者的努力是很重要的,因为不足或过度的自主努力水平都可能导致膈肌损伤。第二,根据Pes计算的PL值有助于临床医生发现自主努力的危害,正如所建议的,强力的自主努力产生的高PL会加重肺损伤。最后,当一次自主努力在吸气末结束伴合理的肌肉放松时,吸气暂停期间的PL可以反映出跨肺泡压力(即肺泡充盈的部分)。

7、了解如何使用Pes来评估血管扩张压力。跨血管壁压力(即血管内和Pes所反映的血管外压力之差)是扩张胸内血管的净压,有助于评估ARDS患者的容量状况,尤其是保留自主努力的患者。自主努力会产生负的Ppl,相应的增加跨血管壁压力,扩张肺血管和增加肺灌注,尽管(胸)腔内压力明显下降。因此,使用Pes有助于发现肺水肿的风险。

8、了解如何使用Pes来估计跨肺驱动压力。Paw测量所得的驱动压力(ΔP)是肌肉麻痹时肺和胸壁膨胀所需的压力的总和;使用Pes可以将肺膨胀的压力(即跨肺驱动压,ΔPL=ΔP?ΔPES)与经典计算隔离开来。在发现呼吸力学早期变化方面,ΔPL可能优于ΔP。需要进一步研究以确定ΔP或ΔPL是否能更好地预测ARDS的死亡率。

9、了解如何使用Pes监测患者-呼吸机的相互作用。传统的Paw和流量监测可能掩盖了许多患者与呼吸机之间的相互作用。Pes可以检测不同步(例如早期或延迟循环,反向触发)并能评估内源性PEEP。仔细监测患者与呼吸机之间的相互作用有助于医生调整通气设置和镇静剂。

10、了解测量Pes的替代技术。虽然食管球囊是测量Pes的标准技术,但充满液体的食管导管也是有用的,尤其是在评估Pes的动态变化方面。膈肌电活动也可以作为评估吸气活动的替代技术。

结论

食管测压数据使得我们深刻理解肺生理。食管测压有可能为改善ICU患者的临床结局带来更多益c处。

原始出处:

Takeshi Yoshida,Laurent Brochar.Ten tips to facilitate understanding and clinical use of esophageal pressure manometry.Intensive Care Medicine.February 2018, Volume 44, Issue 2, pp 220–222

版权声明:
本网站所有内容来源注明为“梅斯医学”或“MedSci原创”的文字、图片和音视频资料,版权均属于梅斯医学所有。非经授权,任何媒体、网站或个人不得转载,授权转载时须注明来源为“梅斯医学”。其它来源的文章系转载文章,或“梅斯号”自媒体发布的文章,仅系出于传递更多信息之目的,本站仅负责审核内容合规,其内容不代表本站立场,本站不负责内容的准确性和版权。如果存在侵权、或不希望被转载的媒体或个人可与我们联系,我们将立即进行删除处理。
在此留言
评论区 (5)
#插入话题
  1. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2038884, encodeId=6e612038884fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b45d1e274e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TENS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17274, encryptionId=b45d1e274e8, topicName=TENS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3b172500206, createdName=12498ebem19暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Jun 26 07:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1835747, encodeId=4fef1835e4763, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfdc22e893f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床应用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=18, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22789, encryptionId=cfdc22e893f, topicName=临床应用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fc8528, createdName=clmlylxy, createdTime=Thu Aug 23 17:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308049, encodeId=59bd3080498c, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 00:33:09 CST 2018, time=2018-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1608755, encodeId=26601608e559e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Thu Apr 19 10:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=306783, encodeId=9094306e8366, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Apr 18 05:31:29 CST 2018, time=2018-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2038884, encodeId=6e612038884fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b45d1e274e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TENS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17274, encryptionId=b45d1e274e8, topicName=TENS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3b172500206, createdName=12498ebem19暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Jun 26 07:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1835747, encodeId=4fef1835e4763, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfdc22e893f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床应用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=18, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22789, encryptionId=cfdc22e893f, topicName=临床应用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fc8528, createdName=clmlylxy, createdTime=Thu Aug 23 17:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308049, encodeId=59bd3080498c, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 00:33:09 CST 2018, time=2018-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1608755, encodeId=26601608e559e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Thu Apr 19 10:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=306783, encodeId=9094306e8366, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Apr 18 05:31:29 CST 2018, time=2018-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2038884, encodeId=6e612038884fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b45d1e274e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TENS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17274, encryptionId=b45d1e274e8, topicName=TENS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3b172500206, createdName=12498ebem19暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Jun 26 07:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1835747, encodeId=4fef1835e4763, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfdc22e893f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床应用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=18, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22789, encryptionId=cfdc22e893f, topicName=临床应用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fc8528, createdName=clmlylxy, createdTime=Thu Aug 23 17:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308049, encodeId=59bd3080498c, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 00:33:09 CST 2018, time=2018-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1608755, encodeId=26601608e559e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Thu Apr 19 10:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=306783, encodeId=9094306e8366, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Apr 18 05:31:29 CST 2018, time=2018-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-22 121832a9m88暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2038884, encodeId=6e612038884fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b45d1e274e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TENS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17274, encryptionId=b45d1e274e8, topicName=TENS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3b172500206, createdName=12498ebem19暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Jun 26 07:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1835747, encodeId=4fef1835e4763, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfdc22e893f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床应用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=18, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22789, encryptionId=cfdc22e893f, topicName=临床应用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fc8528, createdName=clmlylxy, createdTime=Thu Aug 23 17:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308049, encodeId=59bd3080498c, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 00:33:09 CST 2018, time=2018-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1608755, encodeId=26601608e559e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Thu Apr 19 10:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=306783, encodeId=9094306e8366, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Apr 18 05:31:29 CST 2018, time=2018-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2038884, encodeId=6e612038884fe, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=b45d1e274e8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#TENS#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=17274, encryptionId=b45d1e274e8, topicName=TENS)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3b172500206, createdName=12498ebem19暂无昵称, createdTime=Tue Jun 26 07:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-06-26, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1835747, encodeId=4fef1835e4763, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=cfdc22e893f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床应用#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=18, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=22789, encryptionId=cfdc22e893f, topicName=临床应用)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=fc8528, createdName=clmlylxy, createdTime=Thu Aug 23 17:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308049, encodeId=59bd3080498c, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Apr 22 00:33:09 CST 2018, time=2018-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1608755, encodeId=26601608e559e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Thu Apr 19 10:22:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=306783, encodeId=9094306e8366, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=20, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=a8f22260741, createdName=121832a9m88暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Apr 18 05:31:29 CST 2018, time=2018-04-18, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-18 121832a9m88暂无昵称

    学习了

    0