脑灰质异位合并巨脑回及海马硬化致药物难治性癫痫1例

2020-01-20 徐德辉 谢海涛 伍犹梁 中国临床神经外科杂志

女性,5.5岁。因反复癫痫发作1年入院。2017年2月20日午睡中突然呕吐1次,非喷射性,呕吐物为胃内容物,伴面色苍白、精神疲倦,意识清楚,可简单对答,然后再次呕吐数次,双眼凝视,口唇发绀,呼之不应,逐渐转为昏睡,期间无肢体抽搐。反复多次外院调整药物治疗未能减少发作频率,约1次(/3~4)个月。2018年1月底我科就诊。

1.病例资料
 
女性,5.5岁。因反复癫痫发作1年入院。2017年2月20日午睡中突然呕吐1次,非喷射性,呕吐物为内容物,伴面色苍白、精神疲倦,意识清楚,可简单对答,然后再次呕吐数次,双眼凝视,口唇发绀,呼之不应,逐渐转为昏睡,期间无肢体抽搐。反复多次外院调整药物治疗未能减少发作频率,约1次(/3~4)个月。2018年1月底我科就诊。
 
完善脑电图:背景活动主要是左侧半球慢活动增多,后头部为著;间歇期主要是癫痫样放电,左枕、后颞区,枕区为著。MRI癫痫序列示左颞叶改变,考虑巨脑回、灰质异位,颞叶内侧似见多发小片状异常信号(图1A~C)。


图1 脑灰质异位合并巨脑回及海马硬化致药物难治性癫痫手术前后MRIA~C. 术前MRI;D~F. 术后MRI
 
术前诊断为癫痫(左颞枕叶巨脑回、灰质异位伴海马硬化)。遂行手术治疗。取左侧额颞顶枕马蹄形切口,常规开颅后剪开硬膜,见左侧颞枕叶脑回发育不良,局部皮层肥厚,体积较正常大,皮层脑电监测提示靠近枕极处癫痫放电较为明显,神经导航下定位脑内解剖标记,架设显微镜,于侧裂根部开始分开侧裂,切除左侧前颞叶、内侧结构及枕叶。术后并出现少许脑脊液鼻漏,考虑术中颞骨乳突部气房开放,骨蜡封闭不严所致。
 
术后病理诊断:左侧颞枕叶皮质增厚,脑回扩大,多灶性皮质异位及皮质呈舌状伸入白质;左侧海马CA1~CA4硬化;海马旁回皮质异位。
 
术后随访8个月,未再出现呕吐、癫痫发作,言语流利,对答切题,视力视野未受影响;肌力、肌张力正常,生理反射存在,病理反射未引出。
 
2.讨论
 
脑灰质异位症(gray matter heterotopia,GMH)是一组以神经元异位为特征的神经系统疾病,被归类为异常神经元迁移的结果。大脑皮层的发育是由复杂的步骤组成,包括细胞增殖、细胞迁移、皮层组织和神经元网络的形成。这些步骤的破坏产生不同类型的皮质畸形,包括灰质异位症。GMH临床表现主要包括反复癫痫发作、意识障碍、精神智力发育异常、神经系统功能缺失及运动系统受损等,癫痫发作最常见。
 
本文患儿以呕吐、癫痫为首发症状,神经系统查体未见明显阳性体征,长程视频脑电图、MRI初步诊断,术后病理明确诊断,考虑脑先天性发育异常。对于GMH所致药物难治性癫痫主要应用外科治疗手段,包括开颅手术、立体定向放射外科或几种术式联合,但手术方式的选择与灰质异位的类型、形态及涉及位置相关。手术切除异位的灰质团,可获得良好的效果,尤单侧单发结节型,手术效果最好。
 
胼胝体切开术在皮质下层状异位病人的癫痫治疗中有一定作用,然而,该术式报道的病例较少。对于较为局限的灰质异位,在确定致痫灶后,可考虑行立体定向脑电图引导下射频热凝技术。严格把握适应证并在详细的术前评估下,立体定向热凝术有望获得较高的术后缓解率。该手术安全,并且在癫痫控制不佳的情况下,不影响最终的手术切除。对于可能会带来巨大手术挑战的灰质异位(如侧脑室旁侧区域),可考虑消融这种非侵入性治疗方式。
 
总之,GMH合并海马硬化所致药物难治性癫痫,手术治疗为首选,在术中神经电生理监测辅助下切除致痫灶,术后规律口服抗癫痫药,可获得良好的效果。
 
原始出处:

徐德辉,谢海涛,伍犹梁,等.脑灰质异位合并巨脑回及海马硬化致药物难治性癫痫1例[J].中国临床神经外科杂志,2019,24(01):64.

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    2020-01-22 freve
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