经典超声内镜病例之门静脉癌栓

2018-07-25 胡端敏 程桂莲 吴伟 医学界消化肝病频道

门静脉癌栓并不罕见 ,传统影像学工具如增强CT、MRI和腹部B超诊断率很高。本期之所以选择这一主题,除超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasound, EUS)能贴近门静脉(portal vein,PV)获得清晰影像外,还因为门静脉及其属支是EUS操作中最重要的坐标之一,故希望借助门静脉癌栓病例,系统地介绍linear EUS对门静脉系的探查。

门静脉癌栓并不罕见 ,传统影像学工具如增强CT、MRI和腹部B超诊断率很高。本期之所以选择这一主题,除超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasound, EUS)能贴近门静脉(portal vein,PV)获得清晰影像外,还因为门静脉及其属支是EUS操作中最重要的坐标之一,故希望借助门静脉癌栓病例,系统地介绍linear EUS对门静脉系的探查。

胰腺癌合并门静脉癌栓

EUS是判断胰腺癌与门脉关系最好的临床工具之一,如门静脉受侵犯,可呈现血管边缘粗糙、边界消失或门脉癌栓形成等现象,下面介绍三个典型病例(请注意探头所处的位置)。

病例一

老年女性,反复左上腹痛两年余,加重一天。既往有高血压病史,有胆囊切除术史。肿瘤指标CEA13.6ng/mL,CT提示胰体占位,考虑胰腺癌,伴门静脉癌栓形成。探头至于十二指肠球部小弯侧,贴近十二指肠壁,可见门静脉腔内团块状等回声病变,多普勒超声显示环栓子分布的血流信号。探查过程中同时能看到远处的肠系膜上静脉,胰头部主胰管及肿块(图1A、B及视频1)。


图1


视频1

病例二

老年男性,腹痛入院,CT提示胰体部低密度占位,伴远侧胰管扩张。超声内镜于胃体后壁探查,胰体部见低回声病灶,边界不清,其下方门静脉腔内见中低回声癌栓形成,探查完毕,通过穿刺活检,最终明确诊断为胰腺癌(图2A、B)。


图2

病例三

老年男性,发现胰体占位,CT及MRI考虑胰腺癌伴肝脏多发转移,探头至于十二指肠球部小弯侧,贴近十二指肠壁,可见门静脉腔内团块状等回声病变,多普勒超声显示环栓子分布的血流信号(见图3 A,B)。


图3

从上述病例可以看到,EUS能清晰显示门静脉及其内部栓子。但就初学者而言,对在什么部分,如何快速找到门静脉主干是操作难点之一,下面系统地介绍linear EUS对门静脉系的探查的策略。

门静脉系的探查(linear 超声内镜)

门静脉各级属支众多,但最主要的是脾静脉(splenic vein)和肠系膜上静脉(superior mensenteric vein SMV)(图4)。跟随两者之一顺着血流方向连续探查必可至门静脉主干(顺流而下法)。


图4:PV--门静脉(PV--portal vein),SV--脾静脉(splenic vein), SMV--肠系膜上静脉(superior mensenteric vein )

首先介绍如何跟随脾静脉来发现门静脉,通常当Linear EUS过贲门后右旋180度,探头向下并面向背侧(图5A),此时胰腺后方可见两个类圆形结构(脾动、静脉的横断面)(图5B),脾静脉位于脾动脉下方、接着逆时针旋转镜身跟随脾静脉可找到门静脉主干(视频2)。



图5:SV--脾静脉(splenic vein), SA--脾静脉(splenic artery)

视频2

其次介绍肠系膜上静脉(SMV)的跟随探查,SMV位置低,连续探查从十二指肠降部开始,镜身取直后Linear EUS面向胰头和钩突,故SMV呈长轴改变(图6 A和B),回退镜身紧跟SMV可至门静脉主干(视频3)。

图6:SMV--肠系膜上静脉
(superior mensenteric vein )


视频3

无论是跟随脾静脉还是肠系膜上静脉,都是顺着血流方向探查门静脉主干(顺流而下法),反之,从门静脉的肝内分支逆血流方向也可找到门脉主干(逆流而上法),进入胃腔将探头贴近前壁,通常探及肝左叶,肝内门静脉分支呈横断面,血管壁回声高,在多普勒的帮助下很容易确认,跟随其中一个分支(通常是S2和S3段,图7 A和B),顺时针旋镜逐步跟随门静脉左支并至门静脉主干(视频 4)。


图7:PV--门静脉(portal vein)肝内分支(S2和S3)


视频4

上述内容分别描述从门静脉上、下游来跟随探寻的策略,其实消化道中最贴近门静脉主干的是十二指肠球部,当探头进入球部后稍微旋镜即可见门静脉主干(紧贴观察法),该区域探查的门静脉图像最为清晰(图8,视频5)。


图8:门静脉球部探查(PV:门静脉,SV:脾静脉 SMV:肠系膜上静脉,CBD:胆总管)


视频5

系统了解linear EUS探查门静脉系的策略后,我们不难理解,借助EUS可以近距离穿刺门静脉及其属支,这给EUS下的门静脉介入提供了巨大的空间。事实上,多年来这一领域的探索一直没有停歇。

EUS下门静脉介入进展

早在十年前,Samuel A等就在动物模型(猪)上成功进行了门静脉造影和测压,所有动物没有发生出血、穿孔和肝损等并发症。(图 9)


图9:超声内镜介导下门静脉穿刺造影和测压(白箭头为导丝,黑箭头为门脉)
摘自Samuel A et al .GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY : 2008
Volume 67(2)338-342

此外、下腔静脉和门静脉通常会显示在同一EUS平面上,这意味着EUS介导下的门体分流(EIPS , EUS-guided intrahepatic portosystemic shunt )完全可行,近期国外学者在猪模型上进行尝试,结果所有操作成功,动物长期生存且未出现并发症(图 10)。也许不久将来,随着技术进步和器械完善,EIPS会和今天的TIPS一样成为治疗门脉高压的有效临床手段。


图10:EUS介导下的肝内门体分流(EIPS , EUS-guided intrahepatic portosystemic shunt )
A和B:支架释放;C:扩张;D:多普勒显示支架内血流
摘自Allison R et al .GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY : 2017
Volume 85(1)243-348

本期通过门静脉癌栓总结了linear EUS对门静脉系的探查方法,最后介绍门静脉的EUS介入进展。对初学者而言,由于对探头位置、角度及超声解剖的困惑,往往对快速变化的图像茫然不解,这也是EUS学习的关卡之一。

连续探查是帮助我们快速通关的有效方法,所谓连续扫查是指通过探头的移动连续追踪各个解剖结构,把一幅幅断面在脑海里重建成立体的影像。门静脉及其两大属支的变异率不高,故追寻扫查门静脉系对于操作者而言不易迷路,可以说,门静脉系是EUS灰白世界里的指路明灯,它能引导着我们快速准确的接近目标,希望本次内容对大家有所帮助。

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    2018-09-30 fusion
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    2018-07-27 docwu2019
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