精准医疗时代|肝细胞癌的代谢标志物

2018-07-07 孙文博,刘相良,李薇 临床肝胆病杂志

随着精准医疗时代的来临,将临床与前沿生物科学研究的进展相结合,寻求新的途径对肿瘤进行早期检测,进一步完善肿瘤不同亚型的诊断体系,对患者实施精准的个体化治疗,应是未来的研究方向。肿瘤异常的代谢特征,或许可以成为监测患者肿瘤状态的新指标,进一步帮助早期诊断肿瘤。同时,监控患者的代谢状态可以帮助更好地理解一些抗癌疗法的机制,寻求新的肿瘤治疗靶点,并对疾病预后评估有一定的意义。

随着精准医疗时代的来临,将临床与前沿生物科学研究的进展相结合,寻求新的途径对肿瘤进行早期检测,进一步完善肿瘤不同亚型的诊断体系,对患者实施精准的个体化治疗,应是未来的研究方向。肿瘤异常的代谢特征,或许可以成为监测患者肿瘤状态的新指标,进一步帮助早期诊断肿瘤。同时,监控患者的代谢状态可以帮助更好地理解一些抗癌疗法的机制,寻求新的肿瘤治疗靶点,并对疾病预后评估有一定的意义。

肿瘤发生代谢变化通常表现为:

(1)有氧糖酵解增强,导致葡萄糖碳被导向乳酸以及核苷酸;

(2)氨基酸和脂质的合成代谢加强,这与三羧酸循环的中断和谷氨酰胺作为碳源(谷氨酰胺摄取和分解代谢增加)的增加使用有关;

(3)肿瘤诱导的磷酸戊糖途径增强可以增加还原型辅酶Ⅱ循环以保护细胞免受氧化应激损伤;

(4)葡萄糖摄取和消耗增加。

HCC的代谢标志物

1、脂质代谢物

肝脏是机体脂质代谢的主要器官,肝癌发生后导致机体脂质的正常代谢发生巨大变化。

甘油磷脂

甘油磷脂是机体含量最多的一类磷脂,它除了构成生物膜外,还是胆汁和膜表面活性物质等的成分之一,并参与细胞膜对蛋白质的识别和信号传导。早期HCC与肝硬化组织中观察到磷脂酰胆碱的增加,表明在HCC发展的早期阶段甘油磷脂代谢可能已经失调,且磷脂量也与肿瘤负荷呈正相关。

溶血磷脂

在HCC代谢组研究中,常常观察到溶血磷脂酰胆碱(LPC)的表达发生显著改变,一般来说,肝癌患者的血浆中多种LPC水平下降,但是Ressom等和Wang等的研究发现,在肝癌和肝硬化的比较中,LPC和溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(LPE)均持续升高。出现这种现象的原因可能是LPC是细胞膜甘油磷脂的结构单元,这些代谢物的升高可能反应了HCC的高代谢需求,这点与肝癌对甘油磷脂的需求增加是一致的。然而,LPC仅占细胞膜中总磷脂的3%,对其升高这一现象更好的解释可能是LPC是与白蛋白结合的主要脂质,慢性肝病和肝癌中常常出现血清白蛋白减少,而白蛋白减少使得LPC的停留位点不足,导致这些代谢物的循环水平升高。

鞘磷脂

鞘磷脂是由鞘氨醇或二氢鞘氨醇构成的磷脂,主要的生物学功能是调节细胞膜和细胞信号传导。重要的鞘脂分子有神经酰胺(Cer)、鞘氨醇(Sph)和1-磷酸鞘氨醇(S1P),其中Cer和Sph主要引起细胞周期阻滞和促进细胞凋亡作用,而S1P则具有抗凋亡和促进血管生成的作用,这种细胞周期控制机制被称为“鞘氨醇变阻器”。

鞘氨醇激酶(SPHK)是这个平衡的重要调控分子, 能将Cer/Sph 转化为S1P。HCC代谢组学相关研究目前主要集中于S1P代谢的紊乱,即在包括HCC在内的多种肿瘤中S1P都过表达。S1P的上调是代谢组学的一个新的发现。HCC中较高的S1P也可能反映了SPHK活性的独立增强。一项研究表明选择性SPHK2抑制剂在HCC异种移植物中具有抗肿瘤的特性,暗示SPHK可能作为HCC进展的启动子。大量的S1P储存,可能促进建立有利于HCC起始的微环境。

脂肪酸

代谢组学相关研究发现肝癌患者血浆中,一些FFA、超长链脂肪酸和酰基肉碱表达下调,特别是二十四烷酸(24:0)与神经酸(24:1)几乎完全缺失。这一结果可能与过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α升高有关。也有文献报道这些FFA的降低也可能与增加的木糖酰辅酶A连接酶的活性增加有关,该酶的主要作用是分解超长链脂肪酸。酰基肉碱是脂质进入线粒体进行β氧化的“联络员”,它的下调进一步反映了肿瘤对脂质β氧化的依赖性,可能提示肉碱棕榈酰转移酶穿梭系统的损伤。

2、胆汁酸

胆汁酸在肝脏中合成,主要作用是帮助脂肪酸的吸收和消化。以往认为慢性肝病、肝硬化包括一些HCC患者由于胆管阻塞,阻碍了胆汁酸向小肠的充分转移,使得胆汁酸与未被消化的脂质在肿瘤微环境中蓄积。但Ressom等用超高效液相色谱-四极杆/飞行时间串联质谱仪比较78例HCC患者和184例肝硬化患者的血清代谢物差异,结果显示HCC患者胆汁酸合成代谢物下调,包括甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸、甘氨酸胆酸、牛磺胆酸和牛磺鹅脱氧胆酸盐等 ,且胆汁酸水平与肿瘤负荷呈显著负相关。这一发现与肿瘤的Warburg效应也是一致的,表明HCC患者的获得能量的重心从β氧化、三羧酸循环向无氧酵解转变,使得肿瘤细胞更适应缺氧的微环境。

3、蛋白质代谢产物

肝脏是蛋白质代谢的主要器官,毫无疑问,HCC患者的蛋白质相关代谢谱会有显著的改变。

氨基酸

通过对HCC患者与健康受试者的代谢谱进行对比后,发现两者的氨基酸表达具有重大差异。Di等应用气相色谱质谱分析63例HCC患者及65例肝硬化对照患者的血清,发现缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、谷氨酸等11个代谢物具有诊断意义,其中缬氨酸、异亮氨酸等支链氨基酸在HCC中升高,谷氨酸则在HCC中下降,虽然肿瘤患者营养治疗摄入外源支链氨基酸会对结果有一些影响,但将这些代谢物与AFP等临床血清指标结合起来应用,会对HCC的早期诊断更加有效。Jain等对60个癌细胞系进行了一次大规模的代谢组学分析,认为甘氨酸是癌细胞对比健康细胞系中最显著上调的代谢物。Gao等则发现,与肝硬化相比,HCC患者血清中丝氨酸、甘氨酸和天冬氨酸的表达持续上调,这一结果也通过近期一些其他代谢组学实验得到证实。在HCC中,多种氨基酸的上调可以用肿瘤的快速分裂及肿瘤周围非癌组织的氨基酸利用受损来解释。由于氨基酸是重要的糖酵解酶激活剂,其表达增加与肿瘤Warburg效应代谢重塑特征一致,与肿瘤细胞能量来源从三羧酸循环和β-氧化转变为对糖酵解这一现象也是一致的。

多肽及蛋白质

除了小分子量的氨基酸之外,代谢组学也可用于检测多肽及重量接近10 kD的较大的蛋白质代谢物。Luo等联合国内6家临床机构,共纳入1448例受试者(HCC患者516例、肝硬化患者310例、正常对照组290例及其他肿瘤对照组患者332例),利用液相色谱质谱对受试者血清进行了大规模代谢组学分析,鉴定了一组新型HCC组合代谢标志物:苯丙酰色氨酸(Phe-Trp)和甘氨酸胆酸,最终发现Phe-Trp在HCC中表达降低,且与机体总蛋白、白蛋白水平呈正相关,大规模临床验证结果显示Phe-Trp与甘氨酸胆酸组成的生物标志物组,能有效在高风险肝硬化人群中发现HCC患者,特别是对AFP假阴性和肿瘤直径<2 cm的小肝癌等方面,具有很大的潜力。Zhang等对HCC患者的组织间液进行代谢组蛋白表达谱分析发现,富含半胱氨酸的酸性分泌蛋白(SPARC)和血小板反应蛋白2在HCC患者中过表达,进一步验证发现,这两种蛋白在HCC患者血清水平明显高于健康对照组(敏感度80%,特异度94%),在敏感度方面优于AFP。可以作为较好的诊断标志物。另外,既往一些研究显示HCC患者与肝硬化对照组相比,生长相关癌基因α和凝血酶轻链(TLC)上调。其中TLC在HCC患者中明显升高,但在其他癌症对照组中表达下降,这表明TLC是HCC的独特标志。另外,还有报道称一些纤维蛋白原裂解肽,会在肝癌中过度表达,其差异可能被用做HCC的筛查工具。

谷胱甘肽

Sanabria等通过气相/液相色谱质谱仪分析健康受试者和HCC患者血清及尿液,确立了谷胱甘肽能够反映肝脏疾病的严重程度,并有助于从肝硬化患者中检出HCC。Soga等利用毛细管电泳飞行时间质谱分析研究发现多种γ谷氨酰肽包括γ谷氨酰甘氨酸、γ谷氨酰丙氨酸等与健康受试者相比表达增加,γ谷氨酰肽是谷胱甘肽的前体,主要在肝脏合成。这些中间体在肝脏中明显升高表明增加的氧化应激反应可以加剧肝功能障碍,需要生成大量的谷胱甘肽前体来对抗这种恶性过程。

4、其他标志物

Gong等和Wang等的研究还发现HCC患者与肝硬化患者相比,琥珀酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸等水平明显升高,一些碳水化合物(甘露糖、半乳糖、阿拉糖)显著降低,琥珀酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸是三羧酸循环关键代谢物的前体,其升高可能提示三羧酸循环中间环节形成损伤,这与癌症微环境中从有氧代谢到无氧代谢的转变相吻合,而碳水化合物的显著降低提示HCC对能量的需求增大。血红蛋白的代谢物分子也有显著差异,Patterson等和Fitian等的研究分析HCC患者、肝硬化患者和健康者的血浆时发现HCC患者胆红素、胆绿素升高。Fitian等的研究还发现HCC患者黄嘌呤、2-羟基丁酸有明显升高的趋势,这可能与HCC强氧化应激的特性有关。

原始出处:
孙文博,刘相良,李薇. 肝细胞癌代谢标志物的研究进展[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2018, 34(6): 1318-1324.

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  6. 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beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/02/7354b3539aae6a0ccb1e0fff04c12084.jpg, createdBy=205b1984786, createdName=随梦飞扬, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 23:31:10 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-09 phoebeyan520

    学习了.谢谢分享

    0

  7. 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beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/02/7354b3539aae6a0ccb1e0fff04c12084.jpg, createdBy=205b1984786, createdName=随梦飞扬, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 23:31:10 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-08 随梦飞扬

    与HCC强氧化应激的特性有关.

    0

  8. 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beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/02/7354b3539aae6a0ccb1e0fff04c12084.jpg, createdBy=205b1984786, createdName=随梦飞扬, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 23:31:10 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-08 随梦飞扬

    胆汁酸在肝脏中合成.主要作用是帮助脂肪酸的吸收和消化.

    0

  9. 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createdName=124987c6m36暂无昵称, createdTime=Wed Apr 03 02:57:00 CST 2019, time=2019-04-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1978713, encodeId=3d2d19e871345, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3b90e79787f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#细胞癌#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=77978, encryptionId=3b90e79787f, topicName=细胞癌)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=e457184, createdName=qingting, createdTime=Fri Aug 03 08:57:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-03, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1841263, encodeId=db40184126304, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=18bf61953d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#标志物#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=61953, encryptionId=18bf61953d3, topicName=标志物)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=6ab940, createdName=hukaixun, createdTime=Thu Mar 14 13:57:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1403334, encodeId=caa21403334f7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ebbde6353be' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#精准#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=24, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76353, encryptionId=ebbde6353be, topicName=精准)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83epQX9hfEIBiaPg0e9KvLYVBCSGYydH6K6OQxBh3RaOC0TYP9HYy2v0XdHib1LFnZNU5Siak0P8oh8Aqw/132, createdBy=acd92440184, createdName=shijzhiewnjhch, createdTime=Mon Jul 09 11:57:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330274, encodeId=695a3302e4cb, content=学习了.谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=73, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1bb241978, createdName=phoebeyan520, createdTime=Mon Jul 09 00:07:48 CST 2018, time=2018-07-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330265, encodeId=79c33302654c, content=与HCC强氧化应激的特性有关., beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=59, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/02/7354b3539aae6a0ccb1e0fff04c12084.jpg, createdBy=205b1984786, createdName=随梦飞扬, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 23:32:46 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330264, encodeId=ceb9330264a7, content=胆汁酸在肝脏中合成.主要作用是帮助脂肪酸的吸收和消化., beContent=null, 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beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/02/7354b3539aae6a0ccb1e0fff04c12084.jpg, createdBy=205b1984786, createdName=随梦飞扬, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 23:31:10 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-08 随梦飞扬

    总之就是代谢加快

    0

  10. 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beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/08/02/7354b3539aae6a0ccb1e0fff04c12084.jpg, createdBy=205b1984786, createdName=随梦飞扬, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 23:31:10 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-08 随梦飞扬

    葡萄糖摄取和消耗增加.

    0

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