Nature:科学家在单分子水平下成功理解细胞转运蛋白的工作机制

2019-12-02 佚名 细胞

就能一艘能够帮助乘客过河的船一样,转运蛋白(transporters)能运输物质跨越细胞膜,这一过程对于从细菌到人类等多种有机体细胞的健康功能至关重要,此前研究人员仅能通过与这些转运蛋白一起发挥作用的成百上千个转运蛋白的行为中推断出其功能,近日,一项刊登在国际杂志Nature上的研究报告中,来自圣犹大儿童研究医院等机构的科学家们通过研究开发了一种新技术,其能在单分子水平下对转运蛋白的功能和工作机制

就能一艘能够帮助乘客过河的船一样,转运蛋白(transporters)能运输物质跨越细胞膜,这一过程对于从细菌到人类等多种有机体细胞的健康功能至关重要,此前研究人员仅能通过与这些转运蛋白一起发挥作用的成百上千个转运蛋白的行为中推断出其功能,近日,一项刊登在国际杂志Nature上的研究报告中,来自圣犹大儿童研究医院等机构的科学家们通过研究开发了一种新技术,其能在单分子水平下对转运蛋白的功能和工作机制进行研究。

研究者Scott Blanchard博士表示,通过观察单分子水平下的活性,我们就能够阐明转运蛋白活性背后的部分机制,这对于后期进行该家族中许多临床相关蛋白的研究至关重要。这项研究依赖于一种名为单分子荧光共振能量转移(smFRET,single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer)的技术,其能帮助研究人员收集来自单一转运蛋白活性的精确测定数据,同时该技术还是研究疾病作用机制和突变发生机制的有力工具,其能在全球少数实验室中使用。

此前的单分子技术仅能测定所谓的“离子通道”的活性,这种离子通道能允许带电颗粒穿过细胞膜。这些单分子方法能够彻底改变研究人员对离子通道的理解,但由于其运输物质的多样化及相对较慢的运输速率,这种新型的smFRET技术则能更加高效地对多种转运蛋白进行研究。

神经递质-钠协同转运蛋白(NSS,Neurotransmitter: sodium symporters)是一种转运蛋白家族,其在大脑中尤为突出,能将分子运输到细胞内外;在人类机体中,用于运输神经递质去甲肾上腺素和血清素的NSS能作为几乎所有抗抑郁症药物开发的靶点,而负责运输多巴胺的NSS则是苯丙胺和可卡因的关键靶点;理解这类蛋白及其发挥功能的机制对于研究人员开发新型疗法并理解药物蓝用的机制至关重要,同时还能帮助改善靶向作用这些转运蛋白的疗法的作用效率。

随后研究人员利用smFRET来研究细菌中NSS蛋白的亲属:MhsT转运蛋白,其能运输氨基酸跨越细胞膜,研究人员想通过研究理解转运过程中最缓慢的部分,即速率限制步骤(stp-limiting step),研究人员惊讶地发现,MhsT转运蛋白的限速步骤对于不同的“货物”是不同的。

为了运输分子跨越细胞膜,转运蛋白必须改变形状,使其既能捡起细胞外的物质,也能在细胞内释放物质,研究者发现,循环过程中最缓慢的部分是将形状转变回细胞外部的过程,此时转运蛋白被认为是空载了一部分“货物”。研究者Jonathan Javitch博士表示,由于不同的货物拥有不同的缓慢步骤,研究结果表明,“返回”的步骤或许并不是空的,这就与与转运蛋白上的次级结合位点的其它证据相吻合,这或许才是调节转运蛋白活性的关键。

最后研究者表示,更好地深入理解NSS蛋白家族中次级结合位点的功能相关性或能帮助研究靶向作用这些转运蛋白的药物的药理学作用机制和效率。

原始出处:
Fitzgerald, G.A., Terry, D.S., Warren, A.L. et al. Quantifying secondary transport at single-molecule resolution. Nature 575, 528–534 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1747-5

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    2020-04-02 yzh409
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    2020-05-04 liye789132251
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    2019-12-02 肿肿

    机制研究离临床仍然有距离,不过与临床结合思考,仍然有帮助的,不能仅仅是纯临床思维,转化思维同样重要

    0