郭艺芳:妊娠期血压管理:宜宽还是宜严?

2015-02-10 河北省人民医院 郭艺芳 郭艺芳微博

妊娠期高血压疾病包括孕前高血压患者以及妊娠期出现的高血压、子痫前期以及子痫等。由于病理生理机制与临床特点不同,其防治原则与非妊娠期慢性高血压亦显著不同。在妊娠期高血压疾病的综合管理过程中,既要适度控制血压,预防或延缓由血压升高所致的靶器官损害的发生,还需充分顾及孕、产妇与胎儿的安全,因而显著增加了血压管理的难度。由于随机对照试验均不会纳入妊娠期与哺乳期妇女,此类患者的血压管理策略一直缺乏充分证

妊娠期高血压疾病包括孕前高血压患者以及妊娠期出现的高血压、子痫前期以及子痫等。由于病理生理机制与临床特点不同,其防治原则与非妊娠期慢性高血压亦显著不同。在妊娠期高血压疾病的综合管理过程中,既要适度控制血压,预防或延缓由血压升高所致的靶器官损害的发生,还需充分顾及孕、产妇与胎儿的安全,因而显著增加了血压管理的难度。由于随机对照试验均不会纳入妊娠期与哺乳期妇女,此类患者的血压管理策略一直缺乏充分证据,目前临床实践的主要依据是小型观察性临床研究的结果以及临床经验。

中国医师协会高血压专业委员会于2012年制定颁发的“妊娠期高血压疾病血压管理中国专家共识”作出如下论述:“此类患者降压治疗的目的在于延长孕龄,努力保证胎儿成熟。短期降压治疗能否同样改善轻度高血压孕妇的远期预后、以及是否会对胎儿产生不良影响尚不清楚。一般高血压患者当血压≥140/90mmHg即应根据患者具体情况进行非药物或药物干预,而妊娠期高血压疾病患者启动药物治疗的血压界值更高,应采取积极而谨慎的血压管理策略。结合国际妊娠期高血压疾病的相关指南以及专家组讨论,认为对于血压明显升高但无靶器官损害的孕妇,将血压控制在150/100mmHg以下是合理的。对于血压轻度升高的孕妇(血压<150/100mmHg)可密切观察,暂不应用降压药物治疗。只有当收缩压≥150mmHg和(或)舒张压≥100mmHg或出现靶器官受损时方考虑应用药物治疗。妊娠前已接受降压药物治疗的慢性高血压患者,应将血压控制在适当水平,避免低血压的发生”(参见中华高血压杂志2012;20:1023).这一建议是谨慎客观的,应成为我国临床实践的主要依据。

刚刚发表的由Magee等人完成的一项国际多中心随机化试验,对妊娠高血压患者的血压控制目标进行了探讨[N Engl J Med 2015 Jan 29;372(5):407-17]。共纳入妊娠14~34周的高血压患者981例,随机分配至宽松血压控制组(舒张压目标值<100mmHg,493例)或严格血压控制组(舒张压目标值<85mmHg,485例)。主要复合终点为流产或需要加强护理的高危新生儿。共随访至分娩后28周。结果显示,两组受试者之间发生母婴不良事件的风险无显著差异。这一研究结果表明,对于妊娠高血压疾病患者,过于严格的血压控制不能带来更多获益。本研究结论再次提示,我国现行的妊娠高血压疾病的血压管理策略是合理的。

关于特殊人群(如已发生明显心脑肾靶器官损害的患者、糖尿病患者、老年患者等)的降压治疗目标值一直存在争议,对于妊娠期高血压疾病患者同样如此。虽然妊娠期高血压可增加母婴不良事件风险,但现有研究发现,应用药物手段将此类患者的血压降至140/90 mmHg并不能明显获益。因而,适度宽松的血压管理模式可能更为合理,过于激进的降压治疗不仅无益,甚至可能有害。


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    2015-02-17 chinayinhan

    已阅

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    2015-02-16 windmilL1989

    以阅

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    2015-02-15 jianlion

    恩恩

    0

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    2015-02-15 午夜星河

    明白

    0

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