Nat Microbiol:微生物利用抗CRISPR蛋白破坏CRISPR/Cas系统

2016-06-15 佚名 生物谷

在一项新的研究中,来自加拿大多伦多大学和新西兰奥塔哥大学的一个研究团队发现多样性的细菌物种编码阻断特异性CRISPR/Cas系统活性的基因。通过扫描原噬菌体(即整合在细菌基因组中的噬菌体基因组),来自多伦多大学的Alan Davidson和同事们鉴定出5种新的抗CRISPR蛋白编码基因,而在此之前,他的团队已鉴定出9种。这项最新的研究突出强调了一种学习CRISPR系统如何工作的方法以及一种潜在的

在一项新的研究中,来自加拿大多伦多大学和新西兰奥塔哥大学的一个研究团队发现多样性的细菌物种编码阻断特异性CRISPR/Cas系统活性的基因。通过扫描原噬菌体(即整合在细菌基因组中的噬菌体基因组),来自多伦多大学的Alan Davidson和同事们鉴定出5种新的抗CRISPR蛋白编码基因,而在此之前,他的团队已鉴定出9种。这项最新的研究突出强调了一种学习CRISPR系统如何工作的方法以及一种潜在的开展基于CRISPR的基因编辑的附加工具。相关研究结果于2016年6月13日在线发表在Nature Microbiology期刊上,论文标题为“Inactivation of CRISPR-Cas systems by anti-CRISPR proteins in diverse bacterial species”。


法国艾克斯-马赛大学微生物学家Didier Raoult(未参与这项研究)说,“论文作者们报道了红色皇后理论(red queen theory)---假定所有生物之间存在一种军备竞赛,特别是宿主和寄生虫之间---的一种完美的应用。”这些蛋白“是噬菌体应对作为细菌攻击手段的CRISPR系统的方法”,他补充道。

来自美国国家生物技术信息中心和美国国家医学图书馆的Eugene Koonin(未参与这项研究)说,“发现抗CRISPR蛋白抗CRISPR蛋白并不令人吃惊,这是因为噬菌体必需产生它们作为宿主-寄生虫共同进化的一部分。”

2013年,Davidson团队在一项研究中,发现铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)基因组中的单个原噬菌体能够抵抗一系列其他类型的噬菌体(Nature, 17 January 2013, doi:10.1038/nature11723)。因此,他们对铜绿假单胞菌CRISPR系统进行调整以便试图理解这种原噬菌体如何可能影响这种细菌对噬菌体感染的敏感性。他们发现铜绿假单胞菌的I-F型CRISPR系统仅仅阻止某些类型的噬菌体的感染。通过搜寻噬菌体基因组,他们发现5种独特的基因,每种都有抗CRISPR活性。在随后的一项研究中,Davidson团队鉴定出另外4种基因,它们表现出抗铜绿假单胞菌I-F型CRISPR系统的活性(mBio, 15 April 2014, doi: 10.1128/mBio.00896-14)。

在当前的这项研究中,Davidson团队扩大对变形菌门(Proteobacteria)内细菌物种基因组的搜寻。鉴于之前鉴定出的这9种蛋白没有共同的序列基序,研究人员寻找与一种假定的转录调节基因具有同源性的序列,这是因为他们发现这种转录调节基因位于所有已知的抗CRISPR位点的附近。

Davidson和同事们然后测试了在质粒中表达的每种假定的抗CRISPR基因是否能够支持噬菌体在携带靶向它的I-E型或I-F型CRISPR系统的细菌内复制。他们又鉴定出4种靶向作用于I-F型CRISPR系统的抗CRISPR基因,以及一种能够阻断I-E型和I-F型CRISPR系统的抗CRISPR基因。

Davidson告诉《科学家》杂志,“存在许多种不同抗CRISPR基因家族表明这些基因对噬菌体是有益处的,以及CRISPR系统是噬菌体感染的一种重要的阻碍物。” Davidson团队在之前的一项研究中鉴定出的三种抗CRISPR蛋白在体外测试时以一种不同的方式结合到CRISPR系统上并阻断它的功能(Nature, 01 October 2015, doi:10.1038/nature15254)。

根据Raoult的说法,这些抗CRISPR蛋白可能为解释为何只是一些而不是所有的真细菌和古细菌物种保持编码抵抗性基因的外源DNA序列(如原噬菌体或其他的可动遗传因子)提供线索。“这是一个重要的问题”,Raoult说。“我猜测一种不同之处在于这些抗CRISPR蛋白。”

抗CRISPR蛋白可能也是一种有用的实验工具。“不难想象这些蛋白可能被用来调节开展基因组编辑和改造的CRISPR系统的活性,就好比如今正在使用的Cas9突变体,或者作为一种方法短暂地调节CRISPR表达”,Koonin说。

研究人员如今正在努力鉴定出更多的抵抗其他CRISPR系统(包括广泛使用的CRISPR/Cas9系统)的基因。

“这可能只是抗CRISPR蛋白总数中的冰山之一角”,Koonin告诉《科学家》杂志。

原始出处

April Pawluk, Raymond H.J. Staals, Corinda Taylor, Bridget N.J. Watson, Senjuti Saha, Peter C. Fineran, Karen L. Maxwell & Alan R. Davidson.Inactivation of CRISPR-Cas systems by anti-CRISPR proteins in diverse bacterial species.Nat Microbiol.2016

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    2016-09-10 xjy02
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    2017-01-12 sunylz
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    2016-06-17 yuandd
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    2016-06-17 yaanren

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