心理医学科普:社交恐惧的分类及其识别

2019-11-08 马恩祥 健康号

在青少年心理咨询与心理治疗的来访者中,社交恐惧占有相当的比例。运用逻辑学方法对社交恐惧进行分类,有助于寻找社交恐惧的主要原因,从而进一步找到缓解与消除社交恐惧的方法。 在心理咨询的实践中主要采用以下逻辑学方法进行分类。 1.人际熟识度划分:可分为对生人恐惧和对熟人恐惧。对生人恐惧的多与自卑心理有关,人际交往中自信不足、勇气不够、缺乏胆量。而对熟人恐惧的则多与挫折有关,特别是对某些特定熟

在青少年心理咨询与心理治疗的来访者中,社交恐惧占有相当的比例。运用逻辑学方法对社交恐惧进行分类,有助于寻找社交恐惧的主要原因,从而进一步找到缓解与消除社交恐惧的方法。

在心理咨询的实践中主要采用以下逻辑学方法进行分类。

1.人际熟识度划分:可分为对生人恐惧和对熟人恐惧。对生人恐惧的多与自卑心理有关,人际交往中自信不足、勇气不够、缺乏胆量。而对熟人恐惧的则多与挫折有关,特别是对某些特定熟人恐惧的是如此。也有一些人可能是因为对自己的负性评价太多,存在某种自罪感、愧疚心理等。

2.权威与地位划分:可分为恐惧官军、恐惧老板、恐惧长者、恐惧专家等。其恐惧的心理与情绪主要来源于对权利的畏惧,而不是真正的恐惧个人。因为权威造成的恐惧压力不仅仅是权威者个人所获得的权威角色行为,还取决于人际交往中威权者所处的优势环境。

譬如医院诊室中的医生与患者的座位设置,诊室里外拥挤的候诊人流均导致就诊者产生对接诊医生的敬畏。再譬如心理咨询室对于来访者来说是陌生的,而心理咨询师则是再熟悉不过的环境。且咨询环境也是咨询师精心布置过的。

3.性别与年龄划分:可分为异性恐惧、对成人的恐惧。异性恐惧多与性心理发展障碍有关,而对成人恐惧则表现为个人心理年龄的退化或社会化的障碍。

4.人格特点划分:可分为自卑型恐惧、害羞型恐惧、敌意型恐惧等。自卑型恐惧表现为对生人的恐惧和对于他评较高者的恐惧;害羞型恐惧表现为社会交往中过多地约束自己的言行,以致无法充分地表达自己的思想感情,在与人交往越来越不满意、起来越不自信从而继发恐惧。敌意型恐惧认为别人总在寻机暗算他、陷害他,从而逃避与人交往,严重时甚至表现为攻击心理行为。如果在人际恐惧伴随有攻击意识或行为即是敌意型恐惧。

5.反省意识划分:可分为自罪型恐惧、挫折型恐惧、压力型恐惧。自罪型恐惧者总觉得自己做的“坏事”,自己特别坏,从而产生自罪感、愧疚感,从而不敢与人交往,特别是不敢与自己认可的人或者尊敬的人交往;挫折型恐惧是在与特定的人或人群交往后失败而受到挫折或羞辱,从而继发恐惧,譬如爱情挫折后不敢再接触异性;压力型恐惧是对自己的评价过低,而对他人评价过高,由于自卑和不自信,从而不敢与人交往。

人际恐惧的根本原因可能涉及人格中的自卑、性格中的不自信、心理中的缺乏勇敢三个方面。克服恐惧也需要从这三方面来解决,可以运用心理动力学方法、认知心理疗法和行为训练方法(如暴露疗法)。

人际恐惧其实也反映了人的不愿意战胜自己的自私心理。因而克服人际恐惧也可以运用中国传统文化中的致良知方法,克治人性中的私欲,鼓起勇气、敝开胸怀、提升智慧和修炼人格,从而一举克服人际恐惧心理。

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    2021-06-20 Cecilia_thelr

    学到了

    0

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    2019-11-21 xiaogan8479

    学习了,很有用

    0

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    2019-11-10 fengyi818