咳嗽怎么用了哮喘药?超说明书用药:从投诉到获得理解……

2018-07-08 覃涛 樊荣 何纪毅 医师报

超说明书用药确实在临床工作中属于较为常见但易被忽视,存在较大隐患的问题。我国法律法规还未对超说明书用药有明确的规定。对超说明书用药行为的法律定性不同的学者观点不一,主要可归纳为以下三点。

2017年11月,一患儿家长因孩子咳嗽不止就诊,儿科医师诊断急性支气管炎、咳嗽,给出治疗方案,其中包括口服孟鲁司特钠咀嚼片。患儿家长发现该药说明书上的适应症为哮喘,认为医师超过说明书上的适应症用药违反相关规范,遂引发投诉。

该院医患关系协调部门经过查阅相关资料并向儿科主任了解情况后得知,虽然说明书未写明,但孟鲁司特钠咀嚼片在临床实践中对于小儿咳嗽的治疗有很好的效果,相关治疗指南及专家共识均对该用法表示认可,且该药也按照该院制度进行了临床超说明书用药备案。投诉人在得到该院解释后再次至另一家医院就诊,另一家医院专家也同样给出使用该药的治疗方案。因此,反映人最终表示了理解。

法律分析

超说明书用药法律定性不同

超说明书用药确实在临床工作中属于较为常见但易被忽视,存在较大隐患的问题。我国法律法规还未对超说明书用药有明确的规定。对超说明书用药行为的法律定性不同的学者观点不一,主要可归纳为以下三点。

合法行为,属于特殊治疗

根据《医疗机构管理条例实施细则》,特殊检查、特殊治疗的定义包括有一定危险性,可能产生不良后果的检查和治疗或者临床试验性检查和治疗。而超说明书用药因安全性未得到证实,所以肯定具有一定危险性和试验性,符合特殊治疗的定义。该定义体现了超说明书用药的显着特征。

另外,根据《处方管理办法》第六条第九款的规定,“药品用法用量应当按照药品说明书规定的常规用法用量使用,特殊情况需要超剂量使用时,应当注明原因并再次签名”。因此,可以认为,超说明书用药作为特殊治疗,依据《医疗机构管理条例》第三十三条的规定,只要医疗机构在超说明用药前向患者充分解释说明,并取得了患者的同意及签字,就应当将其认定为为了保障患者健康采取的特殊治疗,属于合法行为。

违法行为,不具有业务正当性

有学者认为,医疗行为要具有合法性,还需要医疗行为具有业务上的正当性,才能够被正常化。我国《处方管理办法》第14条规定,“医师应当根据医疗、预防、保健需要,按照诊疗规范、药品说明书中的药品适应症、药理作用、用法、用量、禁忌、不良反应和注意事项等开具处方”。

《医疗机构药事管理规定》第18条规定,“医疗机构应当遵循有关药物临床应用指导原则、临床路径、临床诊疗指南和药品说明书等合理使用药物”。因此,超说明书用药违反了相关规章的明确规定,无法验证其安全性和有效性,不具有业务上的正当性,无法阻却其违法性。

违法行为,具有业务正当性

几乎所有的医疗行为,包括放射检查、药物治疗、手术治疗等,都会在一定程度上侵犯患者的身体或健康利益,通常情况下都符合违法的构成要件,具有违法性。

所谓医疗干预,本质上是利弊的权衡和选择,即用相对较小的医疗侵害换取较大的医疗收益。但是基于符合紧急避险情况的存在,可以阻却其违法性的产生。超说明书用药的业务正当性事由包括紧急避险和被害人承诺。

紧急避险是指为了使国家、公共利益、本人或者他人的人身、财产和其他权利免受正在发生的危险,不得已采取的损害另一较小合法权益的行为。此时医师选择超说明书用药,虽然可能会增加患者的用药风险,但是为了保证患者的生命健康这一更大利益,符合紧急避险的条件,因此阻却了超说明书用药的违法性。

律师建议

超说明用药的6大注意事项

在目前我国法律没有明确定性的前提下,为了发挥超说明书用药的积极作用,降低其风险,可以参考我国相关药学会发布的专家共识,对临床实践中超说明用药的适用进行管理:

1. 疾病影响患者生活质量或危及生命,无合理的可替代药品。此时还要考虑超说明书用药存在的风险以及不同治疗方案对患者病情的治疗效果,充分权衡利弊,选择能最大限度保护患者健康的治疗方法。

2. 用药目的必须仅仅是为了患者健康利益。应将用药目的进行严格限制,医师应该严格遵从“良父义务”,从药应以患者利益最大化为原则。

3. 有合理的医学实践证据。按照中国药理学会在《超说明书用药专家共识》中对超说明书用药的证据推荐级别强度,选择可靠度更高的用法,尽可能降低用药风险。

4. 医疗机构应当建立院内的超说明书用药管理制度,对超说明书用药的院内申请备案流程进行明确。临床医师可申请超说明书用药备案,申请时应当说明超说明书的用法、循证医学证据等内容。经过药事管理委员会同意的超说明书用药方案,应当提报伦理委员会审核同意并在院内备案后使用。

5. 充分告知患者超说明书用药的风险以及可采取的不同治疗方案,保证患者理解并同意,签署知情同意书。

6. 医院应当加强对超说明书用药的监督管理,监测超说明用药发生不良反应的情况。药事管理委员会应当定期对超说明书用药的必要性进行重新评估,对院内超说明书用药行为进行技术指导。

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    2019-06-21 huangdf
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    2018-07-09 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献学习了

    0

  7. 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attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 08:41:02 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330105, encodeId=d2d63301054f, content=学习谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Nd44v3xHnnictn9UpctwtH62EPQ59TMdI9lnqHMgQ16nH7GmGCfpzicsHgjibYVk6vwSpXrC86gMibRkoaIzf5HwSz7/0, createdBy=78cc1691107, createdName=龙胆草, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 07:50:25 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330089, encodeId=212433008909, content=学了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKcmgibQ4oCrK7Z6f4CvMcs4k7QUGCkhopcGxvxaBfVciadECSIwaRVttllIOEKumpEaRrq5PoOUxow/0, createdBy=e3bb2081203, createdName=哈哈869, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 06:21:11 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-08 sunfeifeiyang

    0

  8. 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attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 08:41:02 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330105, encodeId=d2d63301054f, content=学习谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Nd44v3xHnnictn9UpctwtH62EPQ59TMdI9lnqHMgQ16nH7GmGCfpzicsHgjibYVk6vwSpXrC86gMibRkoaIzf5HwSz7/0, createdBy=78cc1691107, createdName=龙胆草, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 07:50:25 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330089, encodeId=212433008909, content=学了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKcmgibQ4oCrK7Z6f4CvMcs4k7QUGCkhopcGxvxaBfVciadECSIwaRVttllIOEKumpEaRrq5PoOUxow/0, createdBy=e3bb2081203, createdName=哈哈869, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 06:21:11 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-08 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

  9. 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attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 08:41:02 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330105, encodeId=d2d63301054f, content=学习谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4Nd44v3xHnnictn9UpctwtH62EPQ59TMdI9lnqHMgQ16nH7GmGCfpzicsHgjibYVk6vwSpXrC86gMibRkoaIzf5HwSz7/0, createdBy=78cc1691107, createdName=龙胆草, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 07:50:25 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=330089, encodeId=212433008909, content=学了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKcmgibQ4oCrK7Z6f4CvMcs4k7QUGCkhopcGxvxaBfVciadECSIwaRVttllIOEKumpEaRrq5PoOUxow/0, createdBy=e3bb2081203, createdName=哈哈869, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 06:21:11 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-08 龙胆草

    学习谢谢分享

    0

  10. 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createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTKcmgibQ4oCrK7Z6f4CvMcs4k7QUGCkhopcGxvxaBfVciadECSIwaRVttllIOEKumpEaRrq5PoOUxow/0, createdBy=e3bb2081203, createdName=哈哈869, createdTime=Sun Jul 08 06:21:11 CST 2018, time=2018-07-08, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-08 哈哈869

    学了

    0

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