协和医院在原发胆汁性肝硬化的基础和临床研究成果突出

2014-06-11 陈明雁 医学论坛网

21世纪之初,中国的风湿病学界还在争论原发性胆汁性肝硬化是独立病种还是干燥综合征的器官损伤,医学界普遍缺乏对此病的认识,国内外期刊少见报道。2001年起,北京协和医院风湿免疫科着手建立原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者数据库,从遗传学、分子生物学、细胞生物学、免疫学、病理学等全方位研究发病机制,并多角度、多方面、系统性地观察多种药物的治疗效果,取得了一系列的临床成果,荣获北京协和医院2013年度医

21世纪之初,中国的风湿病学界还在争论原发性胆汁性肝硬化是独立病种还是干燥综合征的器官损伤,医学界普遍缺乏对此病的认识,国内外期刊少见报道。2001年起,北京协和医院风湿免疫科着手建立原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者数据库,从遗传学、分子生物学、细胞生物学、免疫学、病理学等全方位研究发病机制,并多角度、多方面、系统性地观察多种药物的治疗效果,取得了一系列的临床成果,荣获北京协和医院2013年度医疗成果奖一等奖。

国内首次建立原发性胆汁性肝硬化患者数据库

原发性胆汁性肝硬化(primary biliary cirrhosis,PBC)是一种以肝脏为主要靶器官的慢性系统性自身免疫病,其病理特征为肝内小胆管非化脓性进行性破坏伴门脉区淋巴细胞浸润,长期持续性肝内胆汁淤积最终导致肝纤维化和肝硬化。PBC多见于中老年女性,男女比例为1:10。欧洲的流行病学资料表明,PBC的发病率为0.7-49/1,000,000,患病率为6.7-402/1,000,000。随着实验室诊断技术的提高和医生对疾病认识的提高,中国的PBC发病率和患病率逐年提高。

PBC的发病机制尚不明确。临床唯一用药仅有熊去氧胆酸(UDCA),此药虽然可以改善患者的肝脏生化指标,部分改善患者预后,但不能从根本上纠正机体免疫紊乱、逆转肝脏病理改变,也不能阻断疾病的进展。对于难治性PBC患者尚无明确有效的二线药物,这些患者预后较差。

为了全方位研究PBC发病机制,多角度、多方面、系统性地观察多种药物对PBC的治疗疗效,自2001年起,北京协和医院风湿免疫科国内首次建立PBC患者数据库,在进行发病机制、自身抗体、动物模型、分子生物学及遗传背景研究的同时,开展了大规模、前瞻性、随机、对照药物治疗疗效观察。该数据库迄今已收集500余例患者资料,随诊时间最长达13年,取得了一系列的临床成果,已发表SCI文章13篇,国内核心期刊32篇,达到国际领先水平。

规范原发性胆汁性肝硬化治疗方案

治疗PBC的国际通行做法,为熊去氧胆酸每日13-15mg/kg,常规用量为250mg,每日3次。治疗12个月(1年期)后,以患者生化指标ALP下降40%或降至3倍正常高限以内,作为临床缓解的标准。

协和风湿免疫科开展对照药物治疗疗效观察,根据免疫病的治疗特点,参考国外文献报道,将90多例初治PBC患者随机分为三组,单用熊去氧胆酸组,熊去氧胆酸联合糖皮质激素组,熊去氧胆酸联合联合硫唑嘌呤组,治疗6、12、24、36月后,分别观察治疗疗效,三组疗效差异无统计学意义,证明糖皮质激素和硫唑嘌呤对PBC无效,熊去氧胆酸对PBC有效。

国外文献多以熊去氧胆酸治疗1年期作为时间节点判断治疗是否有效。研究组发现治疗6个月后,患者的生化指标即下降至平台期,6-12月期间生化指标变化不大。因此可将熊去氧胆酸规范治疗6个月作为早期判断熊去氧胆酸疗效及预后的时间节点。

研究组还开展了减、停药对PBC患者病情影响的临床研究。12个月以上规范治疗达到生化缓解的患者,尝试将熊去氧胆酸剂量减至每日8-10mg/kg,即250mg,每日2次,观察6、12、24月,多数患者生化指标稳定,疾病无复发;但如果停药,观察6、12月,超过90%患者复发。证实达到生化缓解的PBC患者也必须长期规范用药,才能保证治疗效果。

尝试开展难治型PBC新疗法

熊去氧胆酸规范治疗6个月后,生化指标仍变化不大的患者即为难治性PBC。研究组尝试采用多种新方法,如骨髓间充质干细胞、新型免疫抑制剂、中药等新药,开创难治型PBC治疗新思路。

研究组提取10例难治型PBC患者一级亲属的骨髓间充质干细胞在体外扩增、传代,制备干细胞悬液,为患者进行外周静脉输注,观察1、3、6、12月,患者的生活质量、生化指标、外周血调节性T细胞比例、细胞因子水平均有改善,但对病理变化改善有限。提示骨髓间充质干细胞治疗对尚未出现严重肝损伤的难治型PBC疗效可观。

研究组还采用熊去氧胆酸联合霉酚酸酯(1.0-1.5g/天)治疗难治型PBC,观察3、6、12、18、24月后,患者可达到生化缓解。

研究组在动物实验中发现中药姜黄可改善PBC小鼠肝脏门脉炎症和纤维化。

研究者还发现,临床上PBC常与结缔组织病并发,国外报道多见合并系统硬化症,国内患者多见合并干燥综合征。疾病共存下的临床特点、实验室指标、治疗及预后均有差异,对这些特殊情况的研究也非常必要。

目前,医学界对原发性胆汁性肝硬化的发病机制、检查手段、药物都还在探索中,风湿免疫科张奉春教授提示患者:“PBC患者首先要认识到治疗这个病不是一朝一夕的事,常常需要6个月以上才能看到效果。做好医患配合,坚持规范治疗,患者长期带病生存已是可能。”

北京协和医院风湿免疫科相关研究成果

Zhao RC, Wang L, Han Q, Chen H, Shan GL, Yang YJ, Dong F, Wang Q, Wang S, Keating A, Bi YL, Wang K, Kong F, Li YZ, Zhang X, Xu D, Hu ZJ, Zhang FC. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with UDCA-ResistantPrimary Biliary Cirrhosis. Stem Cells Dev. 2014 May 17. 

Wang L, Zhang FC, Chen H, Zhang X, Xu D, Li YZ, Wang Q, Gao LX, Yang YJ, Kong F, Wang K. Connective tissue diseases in primary biliary cirrhosis: a population-based cohort study. World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Aug 21;19(31):5131-7.

Zhang L, Ma D, Li X, Deng C, Shi Q, You X, Leng X, Li M, Tang F, Zhang F, Li Y.Gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in primary biliary cirrhosis.Clin Exp Med. 2013 Aug 20.

Song G, Hu C, Zhu H, Li X, Zhao L, Zhou R, Zhang X, Zhang F, Wu L, Li Y.Comparative proteomics study on liver mitochondria of primary biliary cirrhosis mouse model. BMC Gastroenterol. 2013 Apr 12;13:64.

Shi TY, Zhang LN, Chen H, Wang L, Shen M, Zhang X, Zhang FC.Risk factors for hepatic decompensation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis.World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Feb 21;19(7):1111-8

Zhang LN, Shi TY, Shi XH, Wang L, Yang YJ, Liu B, Gao LX, Shuai ZW, Kong F, Chen H, Han W, Han SM, Fei YY, Cui QC, Wang Q, Shen M, Xu D, Zheng WJ, Li YZ, Zhang W, Zhang X, Zhang FC.Early biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid and long-term prognosis of primary biliary cirrhosis: results of a 14-year cohort study.Hepatology. 2013 Jul;58(1):264-72.

Shi TY, Zhang FC.Role of autoimmunity in primary biliary cirrhosis.World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Dec 28;18(48):7141-8

Li S, Ma D, Zhang L, Li X, Deng C, Qin X, Zhang T, Wang L, Shi Q, Wang Q, Wu Q, Zhang X, Zhang F, Li Y.High levels of FCγR3A and PRF1 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci. 2013 Feb;58(2):458-64.

Hu C, Deng C, Zhang S, Song G, Li L, Li X, Wang L, Zhang F, Li Y.Clinical significance and prevalence of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody in Chinese patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Exp Med. 2013 Nov;13(4):245-50

Yin YF, Zhang X.B cell depletion in treating primary biliary cirrhosis: pros and cons.World J Gastroenterol. 2012 Aug 14;18(30):3938-40.

Hu CJ, Song G, Huang W, Liu GZ, Deng CW, Zeng HP, Wang L, Zhang FC, Zhang X, Jeong JS, Blackshaw S, Jiang LZ, Zhu H, Wu L, Li YZ.Identification of new autoantigens for primary biliary cirrhosis using human proteome microarrays. Mol Cell Proteomics. 2012 Sep;11(9):669-80

Hu C, Deng C, Song G, Zhang W, Zhang S, Li X, Li P, Zhang F, Li Y.Prevalence of autoimmune liver disease related autoantibodies in Chinese patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci. 2011 Nov;56(11):3357-63

Zhang W, Fei Y, Gao J, Liu B, Zhang F.The role of CXCR3 in the induction of primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Dev Immunol. 2011;2011:564062.

Hu CJ, Zhang FC, Li YZ, Zhang X.Primary biliary cirrhosis: what do autoantibodies tell us? World J Gastroenterol. 2010 Aug 7;16(29):3616-29.

Shen M, Zhang F, Zhang X.Primary biliary cirrhosis complicated with interstitial lung disease: a prospective study in 178 patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009 Aug;43(7):676-9

Shen M, Zhang F, Zhang X.Pulmonary hypertension in primary biliary cirrhosis: a prospective study in 178 patients. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2009;44(2):219-23. 

Liu B, Zhang FC, Zhang ZL, Zhang W, Gao LX.Interstitial lung disease and Sjögren's syndrome in primary biliary cirrhosis: a causal or casual association? Clin Rheumatol. 2008 Oct;27(10):1299-306.

Liu B, Shi XH, Zhang FC, Zhang W, Gao LX.Antimitochondrial antibody-negative primary biliary cirrhosis: a subset of primary biliary cirrhosis. Liver Int. 2008 Feb;28(2):233-9

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