Nat Med:怎么跑都不累?遗传学泰斗揭秘:微生物组与运动表现

2019-06-25 佚名 中国生物技术网

北京时间6月25日,发表在《Nature Medicine》上的一篇新研究,为增强体力和运动表现的功能型益生菌开发,打开了大门。

北京时间6月25日,发表在《Nature Medicine》上的一篇新研究,为增强体力和运动表现的功能型益生菌开发,打开了大门。

人类微生物组,就像是一个正在被发掘的大宝藏。已知它对我们的整体心理与生理健康至关重要。科学家们已经认识到,没有两个人拥有相同的微生物组,微生物组的组成可以随着饮食、生活方式、抗生素和其他药物治疗等因素而改变。

但是,尽管已经发现个体微生物组与肥胖、炎症性肠病、关节炎、癌症和自闭症等多种疾病之间的联系,但尚不清楚相反的情况是否也会如此。比如,在某些情况下,微生物组是否可以提高健康和运动表现。

该研究联合第一作者、美国哈佛医学院(HMS)前博士后研究员、哈佛大学Wyss研究所Jonathan Scheiman说“在这个项目开始时,我们假设优秀运动员的微生物组必须具有高度调整菌种的共同之处,这可能有助于他们的表现和恢复,并且一旦确定,这些微生物可能成为开发功能型益生菌的基础。”Scheiman当初与遗传学泰斗、哈佛大学Wyss生物启发工程研究所的核心教员和HMS教授George Church一起发起了这个项目。Scheiman与Church教授也是FitBiomics公司的联合创始人。FitBiomics是一家针对运动员微生物组的生物技术公司。他本人也是前职业篮球运动员。

现在,由Scheiman和Church以及波士顿Joslin糖尿病中心的Aleksandar Kostic领导的高度协作研究团队已经在一个由87名精英运动员和奥运会运动员组成的独立团队比赛结束后确定了一组特定的细菌——Veillonella。他们确定了Veillonella属与运动表现之间的联系。他们观察到,在马拉松运动员赛后Veillonella的相对丰度增加。从马拉松运动员中分离出的Veillonella细菌给予小鼠,与对照组相比,动物在实验室跑步机测试中的表现提高了13%。




该研究联合通讯作者、Joslin糖尿病中心微生物学和免疫生物学系助理教授Aleksandar Kostic说:“我们能够证明,Veillonella驱动的表现提升是由于细菌分解乳酸的能力,乳酸是已知剧烈运动随时间而积累的代谢物,并产生丙酸盐,这是一种短链脂肪酸(SCFA)。这反过来又增强了身体对运动压力的抵抗能力。”Kostic致力于研究计算和实验方法,旨在更好地理解人类微生物组与代谢疾病(如糖尿病)之间的关系。

在最初的分析中,研究人员通过确定从粪便样本中获得细菌的DNA序列,分析了2015年波士顿马拉松运动员的微生物组成。Scheiman说:“在跑步前一周和后一周内每天收集样本,并在AlekSandar的生物信息学帮助下对它们进行分析,使我们能确定整个微生物组内有意义的波动,其中Veillonella属的增加是最突出的。”

Veillonella能消耗乳酸作为能量来源是众所周知的,但该团队又向前迈进了关键一步。他们证明,从运动员微生物组中分离出的Veillonella,V.atypica,并添加到小鼠的肠道微生物组中,本身就可以提高动物在跑步机测试中的表现。

但这是如何实现的呢?由于乳酸在工作肌肉中产生,在血管系统中循环,并被肝脏清除,细菌驻留在肠腔内,两者之间似乎没有明显的联系。事实上,该研究团队提供了第一个证据,证明乳酸实际上可以从循环通过肠上皮壁进入肠腔。在那里,它可以被Veillonella或其他细菌所利用。有趣的是,这种细菌并没有起到“乳酸沉淀”导致身体循环乳酸的水平大幅下降的作用。相反,它是细菌乳酸发酵的产物,即短链脂肪酸丙酸盐,从肠腔回流到循环中以提高运动表现。



合作者表明,丙酸盐在注入小鼠的肠腔后,可以再现许多Veillonella的作用,如增加动物在跑步机上的跑步时间、减缓疲劳,以及降低在小鼠极限运动期间肠道中常见的炎症标志物水平。Kostic推测:“我们认为丙酸盐可以通过抵抗炎症、作为身体的能量来源以及其他迄今未知的作用来展示其益处。值得注意的是,较高的运动能力与糖尿病患者更缓和的进展以及更长的寿命密切相关,这使益生菌Veillonella成为一种治疗方法成为可能。”

Church教授说:“这项研究很好地验证了我们最初的假设,并提供了人类宿主和微生物组之间最具说服力的'代谢共生'的例子,它可以被广泛用作益生菌策略,不仅适用于运动员,还可以改善患者的健康状况。现在,我们已经建立了一个识别与极端表现相关的微生物平台,我们可以探索其他类型的极端运动员或个人的微生物组,这些人高度适应环境挑战,以发现其他有益的功能联系,并致力于将它们转化为益生菌治疗方法。”

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由此可见,在PAH患者中,由FAC或RVLS评估的静息RV功能与患者运动表现相关,因此对PAH患者的非侵入性评估具有重大贡献。在CTEPH患者中未发现这种关联,提示静息右心室功能与运动表现之间无关,无法将运动指标作为CTEPH患者的预后标记和临床/研究终点。

Neurology:咖啡因能否改善帕金森病患者的运动表现?

据了解,咖啡不止是种提神饮料,经常饮用还能减低罹患一些疾病的可能性。2017年10月,发表在《Neurology》上的一项多中心平行对照试验研究,评估了咖啡因对帕金森病(PD)患者运动表现的改善情况。