1例合并原发性巨球蛋白血症患者胸腔镜下右上肺结节楔形切除术的麻醉处理

2018-12-14 兰新昂 高成杰 实用医药杂志

原发性巨球蛋白血症(Waldenstrom macroglobulinemi,WM)是一种源于能分化为成熟浆细胞的B淋巴细胞的恶性增生性疾病,主要表现为骨髓中有浆细胞样淋巴细胞浸润,并合成单克隆IgM,占所有血液恶性肿瘤的2%。临床表现特征是贫血、出血倾向及高黏滞血症。由于本病较为罕见,很少有其麻醉管理的报道,现有1例WM患者胸腔镜下行右上肺结节楔形切除术,报告如下。

原发性巨球蛋白血症(Waldenstrom macroglobulinemi,WM)是一种源于能分化为成熟浆细胞的B淋巴细胞的恶性增生性疾病,主要表现为骨髓中有浆细胞样淋巴细胞浸润,并合成单克隆IgM,占所有血液恶性肿瘤的2%。临床表现特征是贫血、出血倾向及高黏滞血症。由于本病较为罕见,很少有其麻醉管理的报道,现有1例WM患者胸腔镜下行右上肺结节楔形切除术,报告如下。
 
1.病例资料
 
患者,男,58岁。查体发现右上肺结节6年余,PET-CT结果提示右肺上叶前段结节影,FDG代谢无升高,不符合典型肺癌PET-CT表现。近期胸部增强CT提示右上肺结节较前略增大,实变。患者无咳嗽、咳痰及痰中带血,无发烧、寒战,声音无嘶哑,饮水无呛咳。肺功能正常。患WM3年,骨髓细胞学检查:粒系呈轻度成熟受阻。染色体核型:未见分裂象。球蛋白40.3g/L,白球比例1.03,GFR98.6ml/min。凝血功能正常。IgM16.90g/L,免疫球蛋白Ⅰ轻链0.89g/L。临床诊断:右上肺结节,WM。
 
患者入室后常规生命体征监测,打开暖风加热系统,适当升高手术室温度至26℃,输液管道加温。麻醉诱导:静脉注射咪达唑仑0.05mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.3μg/kg、丙泊酚2mg/kg、顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵0.3mg/kg。经口明视快速插入双腔支气管导管(37FLeft),纤支镜定位、固定。
 
因WM患者有出血倾向,为避免口咽部黏膜损伤出血,插管过程准确、温柔。手术开始前静脉滴注氢化可的松100mg,长托宁1mg。麻醉维持:静脉持续泵注丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼。使用温水冲洗胸腔,手术时长63min,麻醉时长87min,输入乳酸钠林格液1000ml,尿量320ml,出血220ml。术中呼吸循环稳定,未见严重出血、心律失常现象。术毕,充分吸痰、胀肺,待患者达拔管指征后,温柔拔除气管导管,观察15min,患者呼吸稳定、意识清楚,血氧饱和度97%,无不适感,安返病房。
 
术后第一天,患者无发热、寒战、无胸闷憋气,生命体征平稳。术后第三天,复查血常规正常,拔除胸腔闭式引流管。术后第八天,患者康复出院。
 
2.讨论
 
WM人群发病率3.8/100万,该病由于单克隆IgM的合成,可以导致高黏滞血症、周围神经障碍、溶血性贫血、免疫血管炎以及血浆容量增高致高血容量综合征,严重时可导致心力衰竭。发病中位年龄为73岁,中位生存期为65个月。贫血是最常见症状,单克隆IgM可参与蛋白间的相互作用,是引起出血的主要原因。异常IgM还可与Ⅱ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ、Ⅺ等凝血因子相互作用,从而抑制血浆中凝血因子的功能。大量的异常IgM容易积聚并且可以结合其他蛋白,进而增加血液黏滞度,约10%~30%的患者存在高黏滞血症。
 
血黏滞度增高、冷沉淀物和免疫复合物的形成等造成血管壁损伤进而导致出血倾向,如牙龈出血、鼻出血、中耳出血、皮肤黏膜紫癜、肢端青紫等。部分异常IgM是冷球蛋白,常表现为冷球蛋白血症,主要特征为:雷诺现象、寒冷诱发的周围血管闭塞、肢端发绀、关节疼痛。冷球蛋白即冷凝集素,位于人体温度较高的核心区域,血液循环中的冷凝集素不会与红细胞表面抗原结合,但是在温度较低的外周循环,可与红细胞表面抗原结合激活补体级联反应,导致血管外溶血。所以,在WM患者麻醉过程中一定要加强保温,使用保温毯加热系统为患者保温,将手术室温度至调26℃,输液管道加温,避免患者受冷。有研究表明在全麻手术过程中,将室温调至26℃能有效预防成年患者术中低体温。
 
围术期WM患者最重要的处理措施是预防出血和保温。本例患者术前经胸外科、血液科、麻醉科等科室进行了全院会诊,制定了严密的手术和麻醉计划,在术中严密监测体温、出血情况、测定Hct、WBC、Plt,给予必要的加温及保温措施,避免了大量出血及溶血现象的出现。综上所述,对于WM患者,术前应进行多学科会诊制定合理的手术计划,术中应加强出血监测、体温监测、血气分析,严格做好保温措施,保证患者平稳度过围术期。
  
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    2019-01-17 xzw113
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