向医生“营销”理想的临床证据|学术推广(Academic Detailing)

2017-07-21 曹琳 全科文献传递

梅斯医学小编评:对给定临床问题进行基于最佳证据的整体管理,从而降低处方所致患者不良结局的风险。这也为药品营销模式的战略转型升级提供了很好的思路,医药营销从带金销售向学术推广转型已在业界达成共识,学术营销体系的建设及合规化运营管理才是是药企发展的长久之道。本文由哈佛医学院药物流行病学和药物经济学分部Jerry Avorn医生发表于JAMA杂志。 三十八年前,一家美国联邦研究机构提出关于“提

梅斯医学小编评:对给定临床问题进行基于最佳证据的整体管理,从而降低处方所致患者不良结局的风险。这也为药品营销模式的战略转型升级提供了很好的思路,医药营销从带金销售向学术推广转型已在业界达成共识,学术营销体系的建设及合规化运营管理才是是药企发展的长久之道。

本文由哈佛医学院药物流行病学和药物经济学分部Jerry Avorn医生发表于JAMA杂志。

三十八年前,一家美国联邦研究机构提出关于“提升处方药品质量和经济性”的提案请求。最近,我惊讶地发现最佳证据与现行处方模式之间并不匹配。对于这个问题,我猜想一部分原因可能是商业和学术资源之间的沟通失衡引起。药厂非常善于派遣训练有素的医药代表到医生的办公室中,热情、互动式地介绍公司产品相关信息,以提高产品销量。相反,对临床证据有更公正和透彻理解的学者,往往倾向于站在昏暗房间的讲台上,提供单向的教学培训,这种被动、生硬的交流常常对实际的临床实践改变很少。

我想知道如果药企老练而又强大的沟通策略不只是用来增加药品销量,相反用于“营销”解决临床问题的最佳证据,会发生什么呢?并且我们如何知道这个想法是否有效?医学史关于药物方面提到,20世纪中期曾广泛进行随机临床试验,从而将有效药物从众多常见的安慰剂中区分出来。迄今卫生政策还没有经历这种方法学的启蒙,这显然是非常需要的。因此,我提议将400多位临床医生随机分成实施新式推广计划组及对照组,并获取医生的实际处方。我称这种方法为“学术推广”,并要求联邦政府资助这项试验。设计、实施和评估该计划的拟预算是80,000美元/年,共2年,还要加上哈佛医学院提供的额外71%的费用。

令我惊讶的是,申请顺利通过。我们开始培训药剂师及护士沟通技巧及成人学习理论,还有如何用互动地营销”模式介绍最新证据等三方面处方相关主题。这些主题包括:基层医疗机构抗生素滥用问题,采用适当的疼痛管理来避免当时流行的镇痛药丙氧酚的使用,以及认知受损的老年患者不使用那些被广泛应用却无效的“脑血管扩张剂”。我们电话访问的医生中约92%接受了这种干预,几乎所有人的学术推广访问都超过了6个月。意向性分析显示不适当处方的减少14%。随后的成本效益分析发现它可以节省2/3的花销在这之后,该方法被用于世界各地的卫生保健系统。

这个概念很简单。首先,由临床团队系统、严格地评估关于疗效、风险和成本效益的文献,该团队与药厂没有任何个人财务联系。其次,它被压缩和“打包”成一种易于访问、临床相关、来源严谨且令人信服的格式,并配以吸引人的图形、标题和插图。这种方式认可争议问题的正反面,也能够针对患者的现实情况给出可行性的建议

第三,雇用和培训临床工作者(药剂师、护士或医生)作为学术推广员。在我们最初的和正在进行的工作中,他们是具有良好人际关系技能且经验丰富的从业者,同时也熟悉临床决策制定基础。然后我们给他们一份有两个目标的培训计划。首先是让学术推广者们根据给定的一系列建议,掌握相关临床问题和最新的证据基础。下一步是培养交互式教育沟通的能力,以便引出临床工作者的基础知识、态度和实践经验,从而给出适合处方者目前理解和行为的报告。

处方者和学习者之间的互动是关键:一个熟练的学术推广者,就像一个经验丰富的销售代表,会先通过询问医生对给定临床问题的药物治疗方法,然后调整对话处理这些个性因素。适合于这个医生的方法可能与另一名医生所需的完全不同。通过深度集体访问指导初步治疗策略的方式,有助于制定通用的教育方法。

20世纪80年代初发表原始研究以来,几十项随机对照试验证明,该方法可以改善从养老院镇静剂的使用到减少教学医院广谱抗生素的滥用等多种临床状况的护理。 对前69个试验的评估分析于2007年发表在Cochrane协作网上,目前正在进行后续大量研究系统分析

2005年,在宾夕法尼亚州老年部的初步支持下,我和同事成立了一个非营利组织,以成本价提供这种服务。我们把它命名为Alosa,一种溯河洄游性鱼类,如鲑鱼和鲱鱼。此后,Alosa开发了一系列涵盖各种初级保健主题的模块,包括基于证据的糖尿病、高脂血症、高血压用药,不过度依赖危险药物的疼痛管理,以及认知受损的老年患者的管理。我们的证据审查是由那些不接受任何药厂个人补偿的医学院教师编写的,发布在网上的材料也可免费获取(我从未接收任何对我学术推广工作的付款)。该方法的重点是避免过度使用处方药物,如质子泵抑制剂。但因我们所有人都有临床实践的背景,我们已经越来越多地将焦点扩展到对给定临床问题的基于最佳证据的整体管理,包括非药物干预。七年前,联邦医疗保健研究和质量局(1979年资助我最初项目的继任者)资助我同事迈克尔·费舍尔建立了一个学术推广国家资源中心,用于为那些想进一步学习这种教育方法的组织提供帮助。


公共卫生机构或综合医疗保健系统对这个方法的支持最强,这个方法包括处方者的临床实践、药物分配以及同临床事件一样的药物经济责任等。一些具有这些特点的组织已经建立了强大的学术推广计划,包括Kaiser系统、退伍军人健康管理局和澳大利亚多年来提供了全洲的学术推广服务,覆盖绝大多数初级保健医生。最近对苏格兰国家卫生服务机构的干预表明,学术推广与信息反馈和适当的财政激励相结合,能显著降低处方所致患者不良结局的风险。从经济学角度来看,最大的节省和浪费来自于明智或不良药物处方所致的临床结局,而可忽略药物本身的成本。例如,由于对房颤患者次优使用抗凝剂而导致出血和缺血性脑卒中的花费,远远超过这些药物的成本。

学术推广在为临床医生提供非商业、严格的循证信息上可能会发挥更大的作用,这将有助于改善我们为患者提供医疗的科学性和可负担性。随着国会、食品药品监管局和法院建议放宽对药品批准和推广的要求,这种教育宣传的必要性将进一步增加。

原始出处:

Avorn J.“Marketing” the Best Evidence to Clinicians. JAMA. 2017; 317(4):361-362.

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    2018-03-17 lishizhe
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    2017-07-22 清风拂面

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

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    2017-07-21 131****1460

    学习了受益匪浅。

    0

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    2017-07-21 楠博One

    学习谢谢分享

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1636087, encodeId=bdfe163608e73, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=934b23012e9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#临床证据#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=23012, encryptionId=934b23012e9, topicName=临床证据)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d25622584555, createdName=more is better!, createdTime=Wed Sep 13 20:32:00 CST 2017, time=2017-09-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1651861, encodeId=ee63165186188, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3a3e1e9504' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ACA#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1795, encryptionId=3a3e1e9504, topicName=ACA)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=843c24278901, createdName=lishizhe, createdTime=Sat Mar 17 15:32:00 CST 2018, time=2018-03-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1587342, encodeId=991d158e34209, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=7e9a56e67a0' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#推广#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56767, encryptionId=7e9a56e67a0, topicName=推广)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=dff417466583, createdName=zhangxingru, createdTime=Sun Jul 23 02:32:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=225099, encodeId=27012250994d, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=43, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Sat Jul 22 13:29:34 CST 2017, time=2017-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=224736, encodeId=7a6a224e36a0, content=学习了受益匪浅。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=51, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/ajNVdqHZLLDicHg2ldsSNmib46PmdzpO7CQEmPjuULp1v45zPWwMYhrnXgvl3OtmUCZSQfgITWn96X9moL94nUGA/0, createdBy=28072041016, createdName=131****1460, createdTime=Fri Jul 21 20:02:38 CST 2017, time=2017-07-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=224644, encodeId=01b32246441b, content=学习谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=47, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/05/25/aee510ed68ce4736e9fe4ec7d03c01b1.jpg, createdBy=ce892064652, createdName=楠博One, createdTime=Fri Jul 21 12:51:33 CST 2017, time=2017-07-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=224621, encodeId=b28322462193, content=henhao, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NcXNhUvfhzd2VdicMnaLeK2Im5gKx4Ucxd8Bwu6S7RG0uILBFQx5HTW2bU4VricDYlQqN20ibASSMYAeGrZrrTpy2Q/0, createdBy=b10c1938054, createdName=1e0e5697m83(暂无匿称), createdTime=Fri Jul 21 12:23:10 CST 2017, time=2017-07-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-07-21 1e0e5697m83(暂无匿称)

    henhao

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